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"It's Your Own Fault": Factors Influencing Victim Blaming. "这是你自己的错":影响受害者自责的因素。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241270030
Louisa Pauline Witte, Aleya Flechsenhar

This study examined the association between victimization and victim blaming using a sample of n = 142 participants in a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with the influence of subject gender, victim stereotyping level, threat level, and victim gender for victim blaming. Belief in a just world was included in the model as a covariate. Mediation analyses were conducted with the degree of identifiability with the victim and attitudes toward traditional role models as explanatory approaches. In addition, acceptance of rape myths was considered. The GLMM analyses suggest that victim blaming by male subjects was significantly higher on average than by female subjects when all other predictors were held constant. As an explanatory approach for these effects of the subjects' gender on victim blaming, partial mediation was found with the degree of identification with the victim as a mediator. No main effects were found for the other influencing factors, but only a statistically significant three-way interaction. This indicates a differential effect of the level of stereotyping for male and female victims in conditions that end in high threat. The finding of the main effect of subjects' gender seems to be particularly important for the legal system, as it appears to make a difference in who is asked in terms of victim blameworthiness. This finding highlights the importance of considering a victim's personal characteristics and the need for future research with an additional focus on the characteristics of the sentencers to help clarify potential biases.

本研究以 n = 142 名参与者为样本,在广义线性混合模型(GLMM)中研究了受害与受害者自责之间的关系,并分析了主体性别、受害者刻板印象水平、威胁水平和受害者性别对受害者自责的影响。对公正世界的信念作为协变量被纳入模型。以对受害者的认同程度和对传统榜样的态度作为解释方法,进行了中介分析。此外,还考虑了对强奸神话的接受程度。GLMM 分析表明,在所有其他预测因素保持不变的情况下,男性受试者对受害者的平均指责程度明显高于女性受试者。作为解释受试者性别对受害者责备的影响的一种方法,发现了以对受害者的认同程度为中介的部分中介效应。其他影响因素没有发现主效应,只有三方交互效应在统计上有显著意义。这表明在高威胁条件下,对男性和女性受害者的刻板印象程度会产生不同的影响。受试者性别的主要影响这一发现似乎对法律系统尤为重要,因为它似乎会对谁被问及受害者是否有责任产生影响。这一发现凸显了考虑受害者个人特征的重要性,以及未来研究额外关注判决者特征以帮助澄清潜在偏见的必要性。
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引用次数: 0
Bystander Action Beyond Intervention: Video-Observing the Bystander Behavior of Men and Women in Real-Life Public Conflicts. 干预之外的旁观者行动:视频观察现实公共冲突中男女旁观者的行为。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-24 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241270051
Carlijn van Baak, Evelien M Hoeben, Lasse Suonperä Liebst, Don Weenink, Marie Rosenkrantz Lindegaard

Previous research suggests that bystanders of conflicts use a range of intervention strategies. Yet, much less is known about other actions-beyond intervention-that bystanders might engage in during conflicts. Further, while prior studies reveal that gender differences emerge in bystander behavior, few studies have assessed the ecological validity of such potential differences in bystander actions during real-life conflicts. Addressing this concern, we systematically observed the diverse bystander behaviors of individuals presenting as men and women in real-life public conflicts captured on CCTV. We observed 67 public conflicts in the inner city of Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Using a qualitative approach, we first identified the broad spectrum of actions that bystanders engaged in. We then ran linear probability models to examine the relationship between bystander's gender presentation and bystanders' engagement in seven bystander actions (N = 1,959), followed by a multimodel analysis to test the robustness of these findings. Results indicate that bystanders engaged in a diversity of actions, ranging from inattentive (i.e., glancing while moving) and reactive actions (e.g., laughing) to physical forms of intervention. Unexpectedly, women were not more likely to engage in affiliative forms of intervention (e.g., calming hand gestures, non-forceful touching, and practical help). In addition to physical intervention, men were more likely to react to conflicts by laughing, filming, or cheering. The only type of action that was more typical among women than men was inattention (i.e., glancing while moving). Our results show that bystander behavior in public space is carried out in gendered ways, albeit in a less clear-cut manner than expected.

以往的研究表明,冲突的旁观者会使用一系列干预策略。然而,人们对旁观者在冲突中可能采取的干预以外的其他行为却知之甚少。此外,虽然之前的研究显示旁观者行为中存在性别差异,但很少有研究对现实冲突中旁观者行为的这种潜在差异的生态有效性进行评估。为了解决这一问题,我们系统地观察了在中央电视台拍摄的真实公共冲突中,以男性和女性身份出现的不同旁观者行为。我们观察了荷兰阿姆斯特丹市内的 67 起公共冲突。通过定性方法,我们首先确定了旁观者参与的广泛行为。然后,我们运行线性概率模型来检验旁观者的性别表现与旁观者参与七种旁观行为(N = 1,959)之间的关系,随后进行多模型分析来检验这些发现的稳健性。结果表明,旁观者参与的行动多种多样,从漫不经心的行动(即边走边瞥)、反应性行动(如大笑)到身体形式的干预。出乎意料的是,女性并不更倾向于参与附属形式的干预(如安抚手势、非武力抚摸和实际帮助)。除了身体干预外,男性更倾向于通过大笑、拍摄或欢呼来应对冲突。唯一一种女性比男性更典型的行为是注意力不集中(即移动时瞥一眼)。我们的研究结果表明,旁观者在公共场所的行为是以性别方式进行的,尽管其方式没有预期的那么明确。
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引用次数: 0
Comparing and Predicting Rape Acknowledgment Between Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Categories. 比较和预测性取向和性别认同类别之间的强奸确认。
IF 2.6 3区 心理学 Q1 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-04 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241271383
Brandie Pugh, Sasha Canan, Patricia Becker, Kristen N Jozkowski

It is well known that sexual violence is a prevalent social problem that often results in numerous deleterious outcomes for victims and these outcomes are often influenced by rape acknowledgment (i.e., whether the rape victim acknowledges their experience as rape). Most research on rape acknowledgment examines acknowledgment as a dichotomous variable and comprises heterosexual cisgender women, revealing two gaps in the literature. To fill these gaps, this study used quantitative data that oversampled LGBTQ+ populations to examine three categories of rape acknowledgment (yes, no, uncertain) among a gender and sexually diverse sample (N = 817). Results indicate that 20% of the sample were uncertain as to whether they had been raped, 33% were unacknowledged victims, and 44% acknowledged their rape. Sexual minority transgender/nonbinary people had the highest prevalence of rape acknowledgment (56%), compared with four other groupings: heterosexual cis men and women as well as sexual minority cis men and women (28%-49%). Multivariate analysis revealed that when controlling for other factors, gender identity, but not sexual orientation, significantly predicts rape acknowledgment. Namely, sexual minority transgender/nonbinary people and cis women were more likely than cis men to acknowledge their rape. This study offers evidence to suggest that acknowledgment differs significantly by gender identity and is worth further inquiry. Limitations and suggestions for future research are discussed.

众所周知,性暴力是一个普遍存在的社会问题,往往会给受害者带来许多有害的结果,而这些结果往往会受到强奸承认度(即强奸受害者是否承认自己的经历是强奸)的影响。大多数关于强奸承认度的研究都将承认度作为一个二分变量来研究,并且研究对象包括异性恋顺性别女性,这揭示了文献中的两个空白。为了填补这些空白,本研究使用了超量采样 LGBTQ+ 群体的定量数据,在性别和性取向多样化的样本(N = 817)中考察了强奸承认的三个类别(是、否、不确定)。结果表明,20%的样本不确定自己是否被强奸过,33%的样本是未被承认的受害者,44%的样本承认自己被强奸过。性少数变性人/非二元人承认被强奸的比例最高(56%),相比之下,其他四个群体:异性恋同性男性和女性以及性少数同性男性和女性(28%-49%)。多变量分析显示,在控制其他因素的情况下,性别认同(而非性取向)能显著预测承认强奸的比例。也就是说,变性/非二元性别的性少数群体和顺性女性比顺性男性更有可能承认自己被强奸。这项研究提供的证据表明,不同性别身份的人对强奸的承认程度有很大不同,值得进一步研究。本文还讨论了研究的局限性和对未来研究的建议。
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引用次数: 0
A simple method to evaluate the pentagon copy test of the Mini-Mental State Examination for the differentiation of dementia with Lewy bodies. 一种简单评价精神状态检查五角形试验与路易体痴呆鉴别的方法。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-13 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2200948

There are many commonalities between the clinical symptoms of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and those of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The accurate differentiation of these two diseases is an important neuropsychological issue. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) is often used as a screening test for dementing disorders. We created evaluation items for the pentagon copy test of MMSE and developed a simple, highly accurate evaluation method for differentiating DLB in combination with conventional evaluation items such as the Qualitative Scoring MMSE Pentagon Test (QSPT). Subjects were divided into three groups: DLB (n = 119), AD (n = 50), and Normal (n = 26). The severities of DLB and AD ranged from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to mild dementia. We compared the results of the pentagon copy test. We found that the rates of patients with abnormalities in "motor incoordination" and "gestalt destruction" were higher in the DLB group than the AD group. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested the differentiation of DLB with high accuracy (sensitivity: 0.70, specificity: 0.78) using the criterion of patients meeting one of the following three characteristics: "the number of angles on QSPT: scores other than 4," "major tremor (Parkinsonism-related tremor) is present," and "gestalt destruction (distortion in overall coherence) is present." This evaluation method may be clinically useful for evaluating MCI to mild DLB patients because the burden on patients is low.

路易体痴呆(DLB)的临床症状与阿尔茨海默病(AD)的临床症状有许多共同点。准确区分这两种疾病是一个重要的神经心理学问题。简易精神状态检查(MMSE)常被用作痴呆障碍的筛查试验。我们创建了MMSE五角形拷贝测试的评估项目,并结合传统的评估项目(如定性评分MMSE五角形测试(QSPT))开发了一种简单、高精度的区分DLB的评估方法。受试者分为三组:DLB (n = 119)、AD (n = 50)和Normal (n = 26)。DLB和AD的严重程度从轻度认知障碍(MCI)到轻度痴呆。我们比较了五边形拷贝检验的结果。我们发现,与AD组相比,DLB组中出现“运动不协调”和“格式塔破坏”异常的患者比例更高。此外,受试者工作特征曲线分析表明,使用符合以下三个特征之一的患者标准,DLB的鉴别具有很高的准确性(灵敏度:0.70,特异性:0.78):“QSPT上的角度数量:评分大于4分”,“主要震颤(帕金森相关震颤)存在”和“格式塔破坏(整体一致性失真)存在”。由于患者负担较轻,该评价方法对轻度DLB患者的MCI评价具有临床应用价值。
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引用次数: 0
Anger in social anxiety disorder. 社交焦虑症患者的愤怒
IF 4.3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149
Roni Oren-Yagoda, Gal Werber, Idan M Aderka

The present study focused on the emotional experience of anger among individuals with and without social anxiety disorder (SAD). Eighty-eight participants took part in the study, half (n = 44) met diagnostic criteria for SAD and half (n = 44) did not meet criteria for SAD. Participants completed a 21-day experience sampling measurement (ESM) in which they reported on daily social interactions and emotions. Using multilevel linear modeling we found that individuals with SAD experienced more anger compared to individuals without SAD. We also found a Diagnosis × Social Context interaction such that interactions with distant others were associated with elevated anger compared to interactions with close others for individuals with SAD but not for individuals without SAD. Finally, we found that for individuals with SAD (but not those without SAD) anger on a given day (day t) was associated with elevated anxiety on the following day (day t + 1), above and beyond previous anxiety, sadness and guilt (i.e. anxiety, sadness and guilt reported on day t). This suggests that anger may play a unique role in maintaining or exacerbating anxiety among individuals with SAD. Additional implications of our findings for models of psychopathology and for treatment of SAD are discussed.

本研究的重点是社交焦虑症(SAD)患者和非社交焦虑症患者的愤怒情绪体验。88名参与者参加了研究,其中一半(n = 44)符合社交焦虑症的诊断标准,另一半(n = 44)不符合社交焦虑症的诊断标准。参与者完成了一项为期 21 天的经验取样测量(ESM),其中他们报告了日常社交互动和情绪。通过多层次线性建模,我们发现患有 SAD 的人比没有 SAD 的人经历更多的愤怒。我们还发现了诊断 × 社会环境的交互作用,即对于患有 SAD 的人来说,与远处的人交往会比与近处的人交往更容易产生愤怒情绪,而对于没有 SAD 的人来说则不会。最后,我们发现,对于 SAD 患者(而非无 SAD 患者)来说,某一天(第 t 天)的愤怒与第二天(第 t + 1 天)的焦虑升高相关,且高于之前的焦虑、悲伤和内疚(即第 t 天报告的焦虑、悲伤和内疚)。这表明,愤怒可能在维持或加剧 SAD 患者的焦虑方面发挥着独特的作用。我们还讨论了我们的研究结果对精神病理学模型和 SAD 治疗的其他影响。
{"title":"Anger in social anxiety disorder.","authors":"Roni Oren-Yagoda, Gal Werber, Idan M Aderka","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2024.2403149","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The present study focused on the emotional experience of anger among individuals with and without social anxiety disorder (SAD). Eighty-eight participants took part in the study, half (<i>n</i> = 44) met diagnostic criteria for SAD and half (<i>n</i> = 44) did not meet criteria for SAD. Participants completed a 21-day experience sampling measurement (ESM) in which they reported on daily social interactions and emotions. Using multilevel linear modeling we found that individuals with SAD experienced more anger compared to individuals without SAD. We also found a Diagnosis × Social Context interaction such that interactions with distant others were associated with elevated anger compared to interactions with close others for individuals with SAD but not for individuals without SAD. Finally, we found that for individuals with SAD (but not those without SAD) anger on a given day (day <i>t</i>) was associated with elevated anxiety on the following day (day <i>t</i> + 1), above and beyond previous anxiety, sadness and guilt (i.e. anxiety, sadness and guilt reported on day <i>t</i>). This suggests that anger may play a unique role in maintaining or exacerbating anxiety among individuals with SAD. Additional implications of our findings for models of psychopathology and for treatment of SAD are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"333-348"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142281528","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Effectiveness of written exposure therapy for Korean patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: non-randomized treatment-as-usual waitlist-controlled study. 书面暴露疗法对韩国创伤后应激障碍患者的疗效:非随机照常治疗候补对照研究。
IF 4.3 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, CLINICAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2024.2410815
Ji-Ae Yun, Chang-Hwa Lee, Seong Hoon Jeong, Je-Chun Yu, Kyeong-Sook Choi

Written exposure therapy (WET) is a five-session exposure-based protocol for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The brevity and tolerability of WET present the potential to overcome barriers in implementing evidence-based therapy for PTSD within the Korean mental healthcare system. This study investigated the effectiveness of WET in Korean patients with PTSD through a waitlist-controlled trial (KCT0008112). A total of 57 patients with PTSD were allocated non-randomly to either WET (n = 27) or treatment-as-usual waitlist groups (n = 30). Both groups were followed up until the twenty-fourth week after the initial session. Primary outcomes assessed included PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general function. In the WET group, significant improvements were observed in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general function compared to the control group. After the waiting period, the waitlist group also participated in WET, and exhibited significant improvement in all scores. The between- and within-group effect sizes were large. The dropout rate in both groups was 10.9%, and the mean satisfaction ratings were 28.24 ± 3.33 (range 22-32; scale range 8-32). The present study provides evidence of WET successfully reducing PTSD and depressive symptoms and improving general function among Korean patients with PTSD. Moreover, WET was well tolerated and received by Korean patients with PTSD.

书面暴露疗法(WET)是一种治疗创伤后应激障碍(PTSD)的五疗程暴露疗法。书面暴露疗法的简短性和耐受性使其有可能克服韩国精神医疗系统在实施创伤后应激障碍循证疗法时遇到的障碍。本研究通过一项候选对照试验(KCT0008112)调查了 WET 对韩国创伤后应激障碍患者的疗效。共有 57 名创伤后应激障碍患者被非随机地分配到 WET 组(27 人)或按常规治疗等待表组(30 人)。两组患者均接受随访,直至首次治疗后的第 24 周。评估的主要结果包括创伤后应激障碍症状、抑郁症状和一般功能。与对照组相比,WET 组的创伤后应激障碍症状、抑郁症状和一般功能均有明显改善。等待期结束后,候补名单组也参加了 WET,并在所有得分上都有明显改善。组间和组内效应大小都很大。两组的辍学率均为 10.9%,平均满意度为 28.24 ± 3.33(范围 22-32;量表范围 8-32)。本研究提供的证据表明,WET 成功地减轻了韩国创伤后应激障碍患者的创伤后应激障碍和抑郁症状,并改善了他们的一般功能。此外,韩国创伤后应激障碍患者对 WET 的耐受性和接受度也很好。
{"title":"Effectiveness of written exposure therapy for Korean patients with post-traumatic stress disorder: non-randomized treatment-as-usual waitlist-controlled study.","authors":"Ji-Ae Yun, Chang-Hwa Lee, Seong Hoon Jeong, Je-Chun Yu, Kyeong-Sook Choi","doi":"10.1080/16506073.2024.2410815","DOIUrl":"10.1080/16506073.2024.2410815","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Written exposure therapy (WET) is a five-session exposure-based protocol for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The brevity and tolerability of WET present the potential to overcome barriers in implementing evidence-based therapy for PTSD within the Korean mental healthcare system. This study investigated the effectiveness of WET in Korean patients with PTSD through a waitlist-controlled trial (KCT0008112). A total of 57 patients with PTSD were allocated non-randomly to either WET (<i>n</i> = 27) or treatment-as-usual waitlist groups (<i>n</i> = 30). Both groups were followed up until the twenty-fourth week after the initial session. Primary outcomes assessed included PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general function. In the WET group, significant improvements were observed in PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, and general function compared to the control group. After the waiting period, the waitlist group also participated in WET, and exhibited significant improvement in all scores. The between- and within-group effect sizes were large. The dropout rate in both groups was 10.9%, and the mean satisfaction ratings were 28.24 ± 3.33 (range 22-32; scale range 8-32). The present study provides evidence of WET successfully reducing PTSD and depressive symptoms and improving general function among Korean patients with PTSD. Moreover, WET was well tolerated and received by Korean patients with PTSD.</p>","PeriodicalId":10535,"journal":{"name":"Cognitive Behaviour Therapy","volume":" ","pages":"408-425"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142364719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Case for Heterogeneity in Metacognitive Appraisals of Biased Beliefs. 偏差信念的元认知评估中的异质性案例。
IF 7.7 1区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2024-06-07 DOI: 10.1177/10888683241251520
Corey Cusimano

Academic AbstractProminent theories of belief and metacognition make different predictions about how people evaluate their biased beliefs. These predictions reflect different assumptions about (a) people's conscious belief regulation goals and (b) the mechanisms and constraints underlying belief change. I argue that people exhibit heterogeneity in how they evaluate their biased beliefs. Sometimes people are blind to their biases, sometimes people acknowledge and condone them, and sometimes people resent them. The observation that people adopt a variety of "metacognitive positions" toward their beliefs provides insight into people's belief regulation goals as well as insight into way that belief formation is free and constrained. The way that people relate to their beliefs illuminates why they hold those beliefs. Identifying how someone thinks about their belief is useful for changing their mind.Public AbstractThe same belief can be alternatively thought of as rational, careful, unfortunate, or an act of faith. These beliefs about one's beliefs are called "metacognitive positions." I review evidence that people hold at least four different metacognitive positions. For each position, I discuss what kinds of cognitive processes generated belief and what role people's values and preferences played in belief formation. We can learn a lot about someone's belief based on how they relate to that belief. Learning how someone relates to their belief is useful for identifying the best ways to try to change their mind.

学术摘要:关于信念和元认知的著名理论对人们如何评价自己有偏见的信念做出了不同的预测。这些预测反映了关于(a)人们有意识的信念调节目标和(b)信念变化的机制和制约因素的不同假设。我认为,人们在如何评估其偏差信念方面表现出异质性。有时,人们对自己的偏见视而不见;有时,人们承认并宽容自己的偏见;有时,人们对自己的偏见深恶痛绝。通过观察人们对自己的信念采取的各种 "元认知立场",我们可以深入了解人们的信念调节目标,以及信念形成的自由和受限方式。人们与自己信念的关系揭示了他们为什么会持有这些信念。公众摘要:同样的信念可以被认为是理性的、谨慎的、不幸的,或者是一种信仰行为。这些对自己信念的看法被称为 "元认知立场"。我回顾了人们至少持有四种不同元认知立场的证据。对于每种立场,我都会讨论产生信念的认知过程,以及人们的价值观和偏好在信念形成中扮演的角色。我们可以根据一个人与信念的关系来了解他的信念。了解一个人与其信念的关系有助于确定改变其想法的最佳方法。
{"title":"The Case for Heterogeneity in Metacognitive Appraisals of Biased Beliefs.","authors":"Corey Cusimano","doi":"10.1177/10888683241251520","DOIUrl":"10.1177/10888683241251520","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Academic AbstractProminent theories of belief and metacognition make different predictions about how people evaluate their biased beliefs. These predictions reflect different assumptions about (a) people's conscious belief regulation goals and (b) the mechanisms and constraints underlying belief change. I argue that people exhibit heterogeneity in how they evaluate their biased beliefs. Sometimes people are blind to their biases, sometimes people acknowledge and condone them, and sometimes people resent them. The observation that people adopt a variety of \"metacognitive positions\" toward their beliefs provides insight into people's belief regulation goals as well as insight into way that belief formation is free and constrained. The way that people relate to their beliefs illuminates why they hold those beliefs. Identifying how someone thinks about their belief is useful for changing their mind.Public AbstractThe same belief can be alternatively thought of as rational, careful, unfortunate, or an act of faith. These beliefs about one's beliefs are called \"metacognitive positions.\" I review evidence that people hold at least four different metacognitive positions. For each position, I discuss what kinds of cognitive processes generated belief and what role people's values and preferences played in belief formation. We can learn a lot about someone's belief based on how they relate to that belief. Learning how someone relates to their belief is useful for identifying the best ways to try to change their mind.</p>","PeriodicalId":48386,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Review","volume":" ","pages":"188-212"},"PeriodicalIF":7.7,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141285084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
They Saw a Hearing: Democrats' and Republicans' Perceptions of and Responses to the Ford-Kavanaugh Hearings. 他们看到了一场听证会:民主党和共和党对福特-卡瓦诺听证会的看法和回应。
IF 3.4 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, SOCIAL Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-10-05 DOI: 10.1177/01461672231185605

In several highly publicized hearings, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford and Judge Brett Kavanaugh presented two opposing accounts of an alleged sexual assault. In the wake of these proceedings, partisans appeared similarly divided in how they regarded this political event. Using a U.S. national sample (N = 2,474) and a mixed-methods design, we investigated partisans' perceptions of, and responses to, the Ford-Kavanaugh hearings. Respondents reported their views of the hearings soon after they occurred. We used topic modeling to analyze these open-ended responses and found uniquely partisan topics emerged, including judicial impartiality and due process. Acute stress (AS) responses to the hearings were also related to partisan identities and perceptions; both Republicans (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.78, 0.84]) and individuals who wrote more about Republican topics (IRR = 0.72, 95% CI = [0.56, 0.92]) reported lower AS than their Democratic counterparts. Results demonstrate different partisan perceptions with implications for mental health outcomes.

在几次备受关注的听证会上,克里斯汀·布莱西·福特博士和布雷特·卡瓦诺法官对一起性侵指控提出了两种相反的说法。在这些诉讼之后,党派人士对这一政治事件的看法也出现了类似的分歧。使用美国全国样本(N=2474)和混合方法设计,我们调查了党派人士对福特-卡瓦诺听证会的看法和反应。受访者在听证会发生后不久就报告了他们对听证会的看法。我们使用主题建模来分析这些开放式回应,发现出现了独特的党派主题,包括司法公正和正当程序。对听证会的急性应激反应也与党派身份和看法有关;共和党人(发病率比率[IRR]=0.81,95%置信区间[CI]=[0.78,0.84])和写更多关于共和党主题的文章的人(IRR=0.72,95%CI=[0.56,0.92])的AS均低于民主党人。研究结果表明,不同党派的看法对心理健康结果有影响。
{"title":"They Saw a Hearing: Democrats' and Republicans' Perceptions of and Responses to the Ford-Kavanaugh Hearings.","authors":"Emma L Grisham, Pasha Dashtgard, Daniel P Relihan, E Alison Holman, Roxane Cohen Silver","doi":"10.1177/01461672231185605","DOIUrl":"10.1177/01461672231185605","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In several highly publicized hearings, Dr. Christine Blasey Ford and Judge Brett Kavanaugh presented two opposing accounts of an alleged sexual assault. In the wake of these proceedings, partisans appeared similarly divided in how they regarded this political event. Using a U.S. national sample (<i>N</i> = 2,474) and a mixed-methods design, we investigated partisans' perceptions of, and responses to, the Ford-Kavanaugh hearings. Respondents reported their views of the hearings soon after they occurred. We used topic modeling to analyze these open-ended responses and found uniquely partisan topics emerged, including judicial impartiality and due process. Acute stress (AS) responses to the hearings were also related to partisan identities and perceptions; both Republicans (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.81, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [0.78, 0.84]) and individuals who wrote more about Republican topics (IRR = 0.72, 95% CI = [0.56, 0.92]) reported lower AS than their Democratic counterparts. Results demonstrate different partisan perceptions with implications for mental health outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":19834,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin","volume":" ","pages":"730-741"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11930631/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41133572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The impact of visual and motor skills on ideational apraxia and transcortical sensory aphasia. 视觉和运动技能对概念性失用症和跨皮层感觉失语症的影响。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-05-03 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2204527

Background: Patients with extensive left hemisphere damage frequently have ideational apraxia (IA) and transcortical sensory aphasia (TSA). Difficulty with action coordination, phonological processing, and complex motor planning may not be indicative of higher-order motor programming or higher-order complex formation. We report on the effects of IA and TSA on the visual and motor skill of stroke patients.

Purpose: The study aims to address the question of whether IA and TSA in bilingual individuals are the results of an error of motor function alone or due to a combined motor plus and cognitive dysfunction effect.

Method: Twelve bilingual patients (seven males, and five females) were diagnosed with IA and TSA, and are divided into two groups of six patients. Then, 12 healthy bilingual controls were evaluated for comparing with both groups. Bilingual aphasia testing (BAT) and appropriate behavioral evaluation were used to assess motor skills, including coordination, visual-motor testing, and phonological processing.

Results: Findings (pointing skills) show that the performance of the L1 and L2 languages are consistently significant (p < 0.001) in healthy individuals compared to the IA and TSA groups. Command skills for L1 and L2 languages were significantly higher in healthy individuals compared to IA and TSA controls (p < 0.001). Further, the orthographic skills of IA and TSA vs controls in both groups were significantly reduced (p < 0.01). Visual skills in the L1 language were significantly improved (p < 0.05) in IA and TSA patients compared to healthy controls after 2 months. Unlike orthographic skills which were improved in IA and TSA patients, languages in bilingual patients did not simultaneously improve.

Conclusion: Dyspraxia is a condition that affects both motor and visual cognitive functions, and patients who have it often have less referred motor skills. The current dataset shows that accurate visual cognition requires both cognitive-linguistic and sensory-motor processes. Motor issues should be highlighted, and skills and functionality should be reinforced along with the significance of treatment between IA and TSA corresponding to age and education. This can be a good indicator for treating semantic disorders.

背景:广泛左半球损伤的患者经常有概念性失用症(IA)和经皮质感觉性失语症(TSA)。动作协调、语音处理和复杂运动规划方面的困难可能不是高阶运动规划或高阶复杂形成的指示。我们报告了IA和TSA对脑卒中患者视觉和运动技能的影响。目的:本研究旨在探讨双语个体的IA和TSA是由于运动功能的单独错误还是由于运动功能和认知功能障碍的共同作用。方法:将12例确诊为IA和TSA的双语患者(男7例,女5例)分为两组,每组6例。然后选取12名健康双语对照进行两组比较。使用双语失语症测试(BAT)和适当的行为评估来评估运动技能,包括协调、视觉运动测试和语音加工。结论:运动障碍是一种同时影响运动和视觉认知功能的疾病,患有这种疾病的患者通常缺乏相应的运动技能。目前的数据集表明,准确的视觉认知需要认知语言和感觉运动过程。运动问题应得到重视,技能和功能应得到加强,同时应根据年龄和教育程度在IA和TSA之间进行相应的治疗。这可能是治疗语义障碍的一个很好的指标。
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引用次数: 0
Selected Wechsler Memory Scale norms and aging: Implications for assessment. 选择韦氏记忆量表规范与老化:评估的意义。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Pub Date : 2025-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-19 DOI: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2222426

The Wechsler Memory Scale-I was published in 1945, although it had been used clinically since 1940. Since the original publication, there have been three major revisions. The Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised was published in 1987, the Wechsler Memory Scale-III in 1997, and the Wechsler Memory Scale-IV in 2009. It is significant to note that all official versions of the memory scale have remained in clinical and research use well into the second decade of the 20th century. Each version of the scale was designed to assess memory and attention dysfunction in various clinical populations by comparing the discrepancy between intelligence and memory test performance using age-corrected standard scores. It has long been known that intellectual and memory performance declines with age. Most psychologists, however, are likely unaware of the extent of the decline with age or how this decline is manifested in the various versions of the Wechsler Memory Scale. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what selected norms accompanying each official version of the Wechsler Memory Scale reveal about aging and memory performance and discuss the possible clinical implications of such.

韦氏记忆量表i于1945年出版,尽管它从1940年起就被用于临床。自最初出版以来,已经有三次主要的修订。《韦氏记忆量表修订版》出版于1987年,《韦氏记忆量表iii》出版于1997年,《韦氏记忆量表iv》出版于2009年。值得注意的是,所有官方版本的记忆量表在20世纪第二个十年仍然在临床和研究中使用。每个版本的量表都是通过比较智力和记忆测试中使用年龄校正标准分数的差异来评估不同临床人群的记忆和注意力功能障碍。人们早就知道,智力和记忆力会随着年龄的增长而下降。然而,大多数心理学家可能不知道记忆力随着年龄的增长而下降的程度,也不知道这种下降是如何在各种版本的韦氏记忆量表中表现出来的。本文的目的是研究韦氏记忆量表的每个官方版本所附带的选定规范对衰老和记忆表现的影响,并讨论这些标准可能的临床意义。
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