心理学最新文献

Memory impairment imposes a great burden on stroke patients and can be divided into Objective Memory Problems (OMPs) and Subjective Memory Complaints (SMCs). Studies have shown that these do not always co-occur. Possibly, the gap between SMCs and OMPs can be bridged when using a more ecologically valid memory test and considering the impact of other common stroke symptoms such as sensory hypersensitivity (SHS) and fatigue. In the present study, we applied Virtual Reality (VR) to create a sensory-rich environment with real-life stimuli. Memory performance was tested with the 15-Verbal Word Learning Test (VLT). Furthermore, we assessed SMCs (Everyday Memory Questionnaire), and the levels of SHS (Multi-Modal Evaluation of Sensory Sensitivity) and fatigue in the previous month. 31 chronic stroke patients and 32 healthy controls participated. The results showed that participants' memory performance decreased in a sensory-rich compared to a neutral environment. This decrease did not significantly differ between the groups. Interestingly, fatigue and SHS are related to the level of SMC in stroke patients but no such evidence was found in healthy controls. Last, for stroke patients, we found a significant negative correlation between SMCs and memory performance in a sensory-rich environment, but not in a neutral environment. In conclusion, our study implicates that in stroke patients, fatigue and SHS are related to SMCs and that using a sensory-rich VR environment might be a more ecologically valid way to objectify SMCs. However, interpretative caution is warranted due to the absence of sex and age-matched controls and potential selection bias.

Introduction: Disturbance in naming accuracy and reaction time (RT) is one of the early symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Naming performance can be considered a diagnostic key in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has remained diagnostically challenging. Although most of the studies in this field have been conducted on the naming accuracy of common nouns, others have shown that proper nouns are more sensitive for detecting the onset of AD. This study aims to compare the naming of common and proper nouns.

Method: Eighty pictures of common and proper nouns (40 items each) were presented to 18 healthy older adults and 18 people with mild Alzheimer's disease using DMDX software on a laptop computer. The patients' responses were transcribed into a pre-designed form, and their reaction times were captured by DMDX.

Results: Study results indicated a significant difference in the number of errors and RTs between proper and common nouns in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease (p-value=), implying that proper nouns may be more sensitive to mild AD. Moreover, patients with mild Alzheimer's had more problems in common and proper nouns than healthy older adults.

Conclusion: This study demonstrated that individuals with mild AD experienced greater difficulty recalling proper nouns, which were found to be more susceptible to the effects of AD.

Recent reports indicate that the Memory Integrated Language Test (MIL) and Making Change Test Abbreviated Index (MCT-AI), two web-based performance validity tests (PVTs), have good sensitivity and specificity when used independently. This study investigated whether using these PVTs together could improve the detection of invalid performance in a mixed neuropsychiatric sample. Participants were 129 adult outpatients who underwent a neuropsychological evaluation and were classified into valid (n = 104) or invalid (n = 25) performance groups based on several commonly used PVTs. Using cut scores of ≤41 on the MIL and ≥1.05 on the MCT-AI together enhanced classification accuracy, yielding an area under the curve of .84 (95% CI: .75, .93). As compared to using the MIL and MCT-AI independently, the combined use increased the sensitivity from .10-.31 to.70 while maintaining ≥.90 specificity. Findings also indicated that failing either the MIL or MCT-AI was associated with somewhat lower cognitive test scores, but failing both was associated with markedly lower scores. Overall, using the MIL and MCT-AI together may be an effective way to identify invalid test performance during a neuropsychological evaluation. Furthermore, pairing these tests is consistent with current practice guidelines to include multiple PVTs in a neuropsychological test battery.

Developmental topographical disorientation (DTD) is more common than expected in healthy populations and can cause psychological disorders, leading to feelings of frustration and failure due to poor navigation. Due to the strict relation and the frequent association between DTD and psychological disorders, it is crucial to understand the impact of spatial anxiety and specific phobias, such as driving-related fear (DRF), on one's ability to autonomously navigate in the environment. Here, we report the case of a girl with DTD and DRF who struggled to learn driving routes due to her phobia. Her score in learning a computerized environment (The short version of the Computerized Ecological Navigational Battery:LBS) was low, and her performance in the other rating scales was below the cutoff, confirming the presence of DTD. However, after receiving psychological treatment for her DRF, she became faster in moving through LBS, but the assessment of navigational skills still indicated the presence of DTD, suggesting the independence of the two disorders. When addressing both DTD and psychological disorders, clinicians must prioritize which issue to tackle first. Here are some suggestions to help decide when to prioritize one aspect over the other to provide the best possible care for the patient.

This study describes an adult male with Down syndrome (DS) and Klinefelter syndrome (KS). Results from a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment are presented that assessed multiple domains, including general mental status, intelligence, language, visual-spatial/visual organization, attention and executive functioning, learning and memory, manual dexterity/fine motor skills, and academic skills. Information was also gathered from a self-report measure assessing current psychosocial functioning, from an informant interview documenting history, and from informant rating scales assessing adaptive skills and psychosocial, behavioral, and executive functioning. Overall, several aspects of the patient's phenotype are consistent with those seen in both DS and KS, although his developmental history, current level of intellectual and adaptive skills, and social demeanor are most consistent with individuals with DS. This study provides important insight into the phenotype, including neuropsychological profile of adults with DS-KS, which is useful for individuals, families, and clinicians living with and/or caring for adults diagnosed with this genetic condition. Future research should examine neuropsychological functioning and aging in this rare genotype.

Strangulation involves the application of force to the neck to restrict blood flow or breathing. It is often utilized in both homicides and non-fatal incidences of coercive control, interpersonal altercations, and sexual assaults. The intention of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of interpersonal fatal strangulation in Australian adults through the documentation and analysis of characteristics and circumstances involved in these fatalities. Currently, there is limited research within this field in Australia leading to a medico-legal knowledge deficit that needs to be rectified to ensure public health intervention and preventative death policies and initiatives. Researchers conducted a retrospective review of all closed interpersonal strangulation coronial cases within Australia between 2000 and 2021 using the National Coronial Information System online repository. Researchers identified 195 cases to be included in the study. Strangulation currently accounts for 1.1% to 5.8% of all assault fatalities in Australia per year. Most victims of strangulation are women (68.2%), under the age of 45 (52.3%), and Anglo-European (73.3%). Most individuals are killed by someone they know (89.2%), often in the context of intimate partner violence (52.3%). The leading cause of death within the sample is directly related to the strangulation (90.8%), and the leading manner of death is homicide (94.4%). The study is the first of its kind to utilize descriptive forensic epidemiology to explain the circumstances and characteristics of fatal interpersonal strangulation in Australia providing an Australia-specific medico-legal voice to aid in future research, policy development, and criminal prosecution. The findings within this study are foreseen to contribute to improvements in public health policy surrounding fatal and non-fatal strangulation and assist future medico-legal death investigations, and provide LGBTQ+ and Indigenous Australian representation, which has not been considered in previous studies.

There are substantial mental health consequences for male child sexual abuse (MCSA) victims. Survivors may exhibit sexually offensive actions because of this trauma. In other words, the abused becomes an abuser. In Bangladesh, MCSA is an invisible social problem. This study aimed to assess sexually offensive behaviors among victims of MCSA and to determine the associated factors. A total of 540 victims participated in an online survey as part of a cross-sectional study. Data were collected on victimization, suicidal ideation, history of offense, and sociodemographic factors. Pearson chi-square test and a binary logistic regression were employed to assess significant factors. Results revealed that 63.2% of participants reported engaging in sexually offensive behavior. Those living in villages, unmarried, experienced repetitive sexual abuse, under 13 years old at the time of abuse, experienced physical abuse concurrently, being penetrated during abuse, not disclosing the abuse, not receiving psychological assistance, having significant sexual involvement with men, and experiencing suicidal ideation were more likely to exhibit sexually offensive behaviors. The study underscores the importance of policymakers implementing relevant policies to safeguard boys. In addition, it emphasizes the need for victims to disclose instances of sexual abuse and actively seek psychological intervention.

In this study, we offer a comprehensive assessment of the phenomenological experience of patients with behavioral-variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) upon retrieval of autobiographical memory. We invited patients with bvFTD and control participants to retrieve autobiographical memories and rate, for each memory, its phenomenological characteristics. We also analyzed the retrieved memories regarding specificity (i.e., whether the memory described a general or a detailed event). Results demonstrated that, compared to control participants, patients with bvFTD attributed lower levels of reliving, back in time (feeling as if going back in time), remembering, realness, visual imagery, auditory imagery, language, emotion, rehearsal, importance, spatial recall and temporal recall to their memories. Lower autobiographical specificity was also observed in patients with bvFTD compared to control participants. Autobiographical specificity in patients with bvFTD was associated with verbal fluency and verbal episodic memory, but not with phenomenological experience. Although autobiographical memories of patients with bvFTD show low ratings of phenomenological experience, the patients may still enjoy some limited subjective experience during autobiographical retrieval.

Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) following trauma, and attentional biases for uncertainty stimuli (ABU) may be as well. Evidence suggests that better attentional control protects individuals who are vulnerable to several forms of psychopathology from developing such pathology. However, to our knowledge, the potential buffering effect of attentional control in relations between IU, ABU, and PTSS has yet to be examined. In the present study, 125 trauma-exposed undergraduate participants completed a battery of self-report measures and an eye-tracking visual-search task to assess ABU. The sample was primarily White (88.80%) and female (83.2%) with an average age of 19.70 years (SD = 2.60). A series of hierarchical regressions demonstrated that elevated IU and difficulties disengaging from uncertainty stimuli were associated with higher PTSS, but only among participants with lower scores on a measure of attentional control. For participants with relatively better attentional control, the associations between IU, ABU, and PTSS were non-significant. The non-clinical nature and relative homogeny of the current sample may limit generalizability of results, which warrant replication. Attentional control may protect trauma-exposed individuals from the negative effects of IU and ABU on PTSS.

Begrudging others' success is a hallmark of envy. Understandably, this has made envy researchers keen to discover the variables that prompt people to begrudge successful others. However, not all negative reactions toward successful individuals stem from envy; for instance, one need not invoke the green-eyed monster to explain our desire to see immoral villains fail. While seemingly uncontroversial, this point poses a challenge to a large and growing body of research that has linked envy with (un)deservingness, finding that undeserved success prompts more ill will than deserved success: Are these negative feelings truly driven by envy or by some other emotion? To help resolve this issue, we introduce the third-party criterion-a novel method for ruling out false elicitors of envy. This criterion specifies that if a variable makes potential enviers and third parties (not in a position to experience envy) both begrudge someone's success to similar extents, that variable is unlikely to moderate envy specifically. We report eight studies (four in the main text and four in the Supplemental Materials, N = 1,507) involving participants recruited from online participant pools between 2022 and 2025 in which we use this procedure to probe variables purported to increase feelings of envy. Ultimately, we find that while some well-established variables do not pass the third-party criterion (e.g., deservingness), others do (e.g., audience valuation). Identifying the precise factors that elicit each emotion is a fundamental goal in emotion research. The third-party criterion offers a simple, widely applicable tool for helping meet that goal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).