Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686
Hezhi Chen , Zhijia Zeng
Happiness orientations represent distinct pathways to well-being, including hedonic approach (pursuing pleasure), hedonic avoidance (avoiding pain), and eudaimonic (seeking meaning) orientations. While these overarching goals strongly shape life outcomes, their developmental origins remain insufficiently understood. The present research investigates parental psychological control as a key antecedent and tests self-concept clarity as the underlying mechanism. Results revealed that parental psychological control was associated with decreased hedonic approach and eudaimonic orientations and increased hedonic avoidance tendencies, and diminished self-concept clarity partly mediated these effects (Study 1). The experimental manipulation of self-concept clarity (Studies 2a–2b) causally decreased pain-avoidance motives and increased eudaimonic motives through enhanced state self-concept clarity. Although the manipulation also influenced pleasure-approach motives, this effect was not mediated by state self-concept clarity. Our findings emphasize the influence of self-knowledge in shaping how people pursue happiness and suggest that disruptions in identity development may lead to less healthy routes to well-being.
{"title":"Know yourself, be yourself: Self-concept clarity as a mediator between parental psychological control and happiness orientations","authors":"Hezhi Chen , Zhijia Zeng","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113686","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Happiness orientations represent distinct pathways to well-being, including hedonic approach (pursuing pleasure), hedonic avoidance (avoiding pain), and eudaimonic (seeking meaning) orientations. While these overarching goals strongly shape life outcomes, their developmental origins remain insufficiently understood. The present research investigates parental psychological control as a key antecedent and tests self-concept clarity as the underlying mechanism. Results revealed that parental psychological control was associated with decreased hedonic approach and eudaimonic orientations and increased hedonic avoidance tendencies, and diminished self-concept clarity partly mediated these effects (Study 1). The experimental manipulation of self-concept clarity (Studies 2a–2b) causally decreased pain-avoidance motives and increased eudaimonic motives through enhanced state self-concept clarity. Although the manipulation also influenced pleasure-approach motives, this effect was not mediated by state self-concept clarity. Our findings emphasize the influence of self-knowledge in shaping how people pursue happiness and suggest that disruptions in identity development may lead to less healthy routes to well-being.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113686"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113700
Promila Agarwal , Elaine Farndale
Managerial derailment is costly yet still poorly understood. Using multi-source BENCHMARKS ratings from 510 managers (including their peers, supervisors, and subordinates), we investigate whether high-performance work systems (HPWSs) moderate the relationship between narcissism and derailment. Trait activation theory provides the overarching person–situation logic, while narcissism status-pursuit models explain why HPWS cues are particularly trait-relevant. Results show that narcissism is positively associated with derailment, and under strong HPWSs, narcissistic managers receive markedly higher derailment ratings. We argue this occurs because HPWS constitutes a high-density bundle of status-relevant and ego-evaluative cues that (a) increases the detectability and consequences of interpersonal harm and (b) heightens ego threat and defensive reactions among narcissistic managers. The findings position HPWS not only as a performance-enhancing system, but also as a governance and diagnostic context that can accelerate the career consequences of maladaptive leader traits.
{"title":"Bright systems, dark traits: High-performance work systems amplify narcissistic managers' derailment","authors":"Promila Agarwal , Elaine Farndale","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113700","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113700","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Managerial derailment is costly yet still poorly understood. Using multi-source BENCHMARKS ratings from 510 managers (including their peers, supervisors, and subordinates), we investigate whether high-performance work systems (HPWSs) moderate the relationship between narcissism and derailment. Trait activation theory provides the overarching person–situation logic, while narcissism status-pursuit models explain why HPWS cues are particularly trait-relevant. Results show that narcissism is positively associated with derailment, and under strong HPWSs, narcissistic managers receive markedly higher derailment ratings. We argue this occurs because HPWS constitutes a high-density bundle of status-relevant and ego-evaluative cues that (a) increases the detectability and consequences of interpersonal harm and (b) heightens ego threat and defensive reactions among narcissistic managers. The findings position HPWS not only as a performance-enhancing system, but also as a governance and diagnostic context that can accelerate the career consequences of maladaptive leader traits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113700"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113693
Ömer Taha Sözer
Procrastination is a highly prevalent phenomenon, with literature highlighting various individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with this tendency. Among individual factors, trait-based approaches are the most prominent, yet significant heterogeneity exists within these frameworks. The present study utilized the trait structures of the neuroscience-based Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Level of Personality Functioning (LPFS), emerging from the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in DSM-5, as the primary conceptual framework. A total of 476 participants completed self-report measures of o-BIS, reward interest, LPFS-BF, general procrastination scale (GPS-9), and GHQ-12. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that both reward sensitivity and personality functioning were significant predictors of procrastination, with personality functioning accounting for an additional 11% of variance beyond trait-based approaches. Furthermore, approximately 9% of the effect of personality functioning on psychological symptoms was mediated by procrastination. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of reward sensitivity and highlight approaches addressing different facets of personality. In addition to clinical implications, the study addresses limitations that may guide future research.
{"title":"Understanding procrastination and its association with psychopathology from reinforcement sensitivity and personality functioning perspectives","authors":"Ömer Taha Sözer","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113693","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113693","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Procrastination is a highly prevalent phenomenon, with literature highlighting various individual, situational, and environmental factors associated with this tendency. Among individual factors, trait-based approaches are the most prominent, yet significant heterogeneity exists within these frameworks. The present study utilized the trait structures of the neuroscience-based Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (RST) and the Level of Personality Functioning (LPFS), emerging from the Alternative Model for Personality Disorders in DSM-5, as the primary conceptual framework. A total of 476 participants completed self-report measures of o-BIS, reward interest, LPFS-BF, general procrastination scale (GPS-9), and GHQ-12. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that both reward sensitivity and personality functioning were significant predictors of procrastination, with personality functioning accounting for an additional 11% of variance beyond trait-based approaches. Furthermore, approximately 9% of the effect of personality functioning on psychological symptoms was mediated by procrastination. These findings emphasize the importance of considering the multidimensional nature of reward sensitivity and highlight approaches addressing different facets of personality. In addition to clinical implications, the study addresses limitations that may guide future research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113693"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-03-05DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2026.103472
Alexander T. Brunfeldt , Florian A. Kagerer
Structural learning refers to the ability to extract and generalize the underlying structure of a set of perturbations—even when the specific perturbations vary from trial to trial. In visuomotor tasks, exposure to such variable but related perturbations has been shown to speed subsequent adaptation to a new, fixed perturbation. However, many center-out reaching studies present several repetitions of each perturbation—often cycling through a set of eight targets—before switching to the next one. This raises the question of whether these repeated exposures reduce the true variability that is thought to drive structural learning. To examine how the number of consecutive repetitions influences learning, we used a center-out reaching task with two targets and trained three groups with either two, four, or eight repetitions of a particular visual feedback rotation between ±90 degrees before presenting a new, pseudorandom rotation; a control group trained in a null field. We show that the different training regimes all facilitated adaptation in the subsequent fixed rotation testing compared to the control group, but a clear dose response was limited to the eight-repetition group who benefitted most, both in feedforward and feedback control of their performance. As shown in previous research, the facilitation was present only during the early testing phase. An exploratory retention test in a subgroup showed no effects after 24 h. We discuss these findings also in the context of earlier massed- vs distributed-practice approaches.
{"title":"Structural learning is enhanced by increasing blocked repetition of visuomotor perturbations","authors":"Alexander T. Brunfeldt , Florian A. Kagerer","doi":"10.1016/j.humov.2026.103472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.humov.2026.103472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Structural learning refers to the ability to extract and generalize the underlying structure of a set of perturbations—even when the specific perturbations vary from trial to trial. In visuomotor tasks, exposure to such variable but related perturbations has been shown to speed subsequent adaptation to a new, fixed perturbation. However, many center-out reaching studies present several repetitions of each perturbation—often cycling through a set of eight targets—before switching to the next one. This raises the question of whether these repeated exposures reduce the true variability that is thought to drive structural learning. To examine how the number of consecutive repetitions influences learning, we used a center-out reaching task with two targets and trained three groups with either two, four, or eight repetitions of a particular visual feedback rotation between ±90 degrees before presenting a new, pseudorandom rotation; a control group trained in a null field. We show that the different training regimes all facilitated adaptation in the subsequent fixed rotation testing compared to the control group, but a clear dose response was limited to the eight-repetition group who benefitted most, both in feedforward and feedback control of their performance. As shown in previous research, the facilitation was present only during the early testing phase. An exploratory retention test in a subgroup showed no effects after 24 h. We discuss these findings also in the context of earlier massed- vs distributed-practice approaches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55046,"journal":{"name":"Human Movement Science","volume":"107 ","pages":"Article 103472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147373334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-10DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113713
Zien Ding , Zongyuan Wang , Xin Chen
In the digital age, maintaining a balance between digital device use and real-life activities is increasingly important for adolescents. While numerous studies have been preoccupied with problematic digital behaviors, fewer have examined the co-occurrence of both positive and negative digital experiences. This study addresses this gap by investigating the mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived stress and digital well-being, encompassing both benefits and drawbacks obtained from mobile connectivity. Using a 14-day daily diary design with 192 adolescents (2435 daily reports), the study examines the relationship between perceived stress and digital well-being and mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of self-control in this relationship. Multilevel modelling revealed that daily perceived stress was negatively associated with adolescent's daily digital well-being, with daily fear of missing out serving as a mediator in this relationship. Furthermore, trait self-control moderated the relationship between daily fear of missing out and daily digital well-being. These results revealed the underlying mechanisms through which perceived stress impacts digital experiences, offering valuable insights into promoting healthier digital engagement and addressing maladaptive behaviors in the digital era.
{"title":"Individual differences in adolescents' digital well-being: How perceived stress, fear of missing out, and self-control interact in daily life","authors":"Zien Ding , Zongyuan Wang , Xin Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the digital age, maintaining a balance between digital device use and real-life activities is increasingly important for adolescents. While numerous studies have been preoccupied with problematic digital behaviors, fewer have examined the co-occurrence of both positive and negative digital experiences. This study addresses this gap by investigating the mechanisms underlying the relationship between perceived stress and digital well-being, encompassing both benefits and drawbacks obtained from mobile connectivity. Using a 14-day daily diary design with 192 adolescents (2435 daily reports), the study examines the relationship between perceived stress and digital well-being and mediating role of fear of missing out and the moderating role of self-control in this relationship. Multilevel modelling revealed that daily perceived stress was negatively associated with adolescent's daily digital well-being, with daily fear of missing out serving as a mediator in this relationship. Furthermore, trait self-control moderated the relationship between daily fear of missing out and daily digital well-being. These results revealed the underlying mechanisms through which perceived stress impacts digital experiences, offering valuable insights into promoting healthier digital engagement and addressing maladaptive behaviors in the digital era.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113713"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146189748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106445
Margaret Kandel , Nan Li , Jesse Snedeker
Interactive processing is a central feature of human cognition, whereby top-down and bottom-up pathways pass information between different levels of representation. In this study, we investigated how these interactive mechanisms develop by asking whether interactive processing arises early in life or emerges later, with experience or as the brain matures. In a visual world eye-tracking study, we tested whether four and five year-old children show evidence of top-down interactivity during language comprehension. We found that young children, like adults, can use top-down cues from the sentence context to constrain processing of the bottom-up language input during spoken word recognition, allowing them to avoid activating word candidates that initially match the input but are semantically incongruent with the context. Furthermore, we found that the children used top-down cues to pre-activate the phonological representations of predictable words before they appeared in the input. These findings illustrate that the pathways necessary for interactive processing are robust and active by early childhood, suggesting that the mechanisms of interactive processing are intrinsic and fundamental properties of the mind's architecture.
{"title":"Evidence for top-down constraints and form-based prediction in 4–5 year-olds' lexical processing","authors":"Margaret Kandel , Nan Li , Jesse Snedeker","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106445","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2026.106445","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactive processing is a central feature of human cognition, whereby top-down and bottom-up pathways pass information between different levels of representation. In this study, we investigated how these interactive mechanisms develop by asking whether interactive processing arises early in life or emerges later, with experience or as the brain matures. In a visual world eye-tracking study, we tested whether four and five year-old children show evidence of top-down interactivity during language comprehension. We found that young children, like adults, can use top-down cues from the sentence context to constrain processing of the bottom-up language input during spoken word recognition, allowing them to avoid activating word candidates that initially match the input but are semantically incongruent with the context. Furthermore, we found that the children used top-down cues to pre-activate the phonological representations of predictable words before they appeared in the input. These findings illustrate that the pathways necessary for interactive processing are robust and active by early childhood, suggesting that the mechanisms of interactive processing are intrinsic and fundamental properties of the mind's architecture.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106445"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145979899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-28DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687
Nasrin Esmaeilian , Ali Khatibi , Mohsen Dehghani , Ali Reza Moradi , Ernst H.W. Koster
Introduction
This study examined facial emotion recognition (FER) in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), compared to a control group (CTRL). We assessed seven emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and pain) and evaluated the effects of social exclusion.
Method
Participants completed a FER task before and after Cyberball; all participants received the exclusion condition. Measures included accuracy, reaction time, and confidence. Participants also completed the PAI-BOR, RSQ, BDI-II, and BAI.
Results
At baseline, individuals in the BPD + NSSI group showed reduced accuracy in recognizing negative emotions (anger, disgust, and pain) and had slower response times than CTRL. Higher rejection sensitivity was linked to slower identification of emotional cues. Unexpectedly, social exclusion did not worsen negative biases. Instead, the BPD + NSSI group showed improved recognition of pain and happy expressions, and the most significant reductions in reaction time. No evidence of a global speed–accuracy trade-off emerged; slower responses in clinical groups appeared to reflect greater processing demands rather than deliberate caution.
Conclusion
Findings suggest emotional sensitivity and processing efficiency in BPD, particularly among those with NSSI. Social exclusion may temporarily enhance perceptual processing in this subgroup. Interventions may benefit from targeting processing efficiency and metacognitive calibration.
{"title":"Facial emotion recognition in borderline personality disorder: The impact of self-injury and social rejection","authors":"Nasrin Esmaeilian , Ali Khatibi , Mohsen Dehghani , Ali Reza Moradi , Ernst H.W. Koster","doi":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paid.2026.113687","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>This study examined facial emotion recognition (FER) in individuals with borderline personality disorder (BPD) features, with and without a history of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), compared to a control group (CTRL). We assessed seven emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, neutrality, sadness, and pain) and evaluated the effects of social exclusion.</div></div><div><h3>Method</h3><div>Participants completed a FER task before and after Cyberball; all participants received the exclusion condition. Measures included accuracy, reaction time, and confidence. Participants also completed the PAI-BOR, RSQ, BDI-II, and BAI.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>At baseline, individuals in the BPD + NSSI group showed reduced accuracy in recognizing negative emotions (anger, disgust, and pain) and had slower response times than CTRL. Higher rejection sensitivity was linked to slower identification of emotional cues. Unexpectedly, social exclusion did not worsen negative biases. Instead, the BPD + NSSI group showed improved recognition of pain and happy expressions, and the most significant reductions in reaction time. No evidence of a global speed–accuracy trade-off emerged; slower responses in clinical groups appeared to reflect greater processing demands rather than deliberate caution.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Findings suggest emotional sensitivity and processing efficiency in BPD, particularly among those with NSSI. Social exclusion may temporarily enhance perceptual processing in this subgroup. Interventions may benefit from targeting processing efficiency and metacognitive calibration.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48467,"journal":{"name":"Personality and Individual Differences","volume":"255 ","pages":"Article 113687"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146190305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106415
Lalit Pandey , Samantha M.W. Wood , Benjamin Cappell , Justin N. Wood
Orientation selectivity—the representation of oriented edges—is a hallmark of biological vision, shared across mammals, birds, and reptiles. However, the origins of orientation selectivity are unknown. Is orientation selectivity predetermined, with genes instructing the development of edge representations? Or is orientation selectivity the product of blind evolution-like (variation + selection) fitting during prenatal development? Here, we provide evidence supporting the fitting account. Using generic image-computable fitting models (transformers), we show that orientation selectivity develops when fitting systems adapt to prenatal experiences. Our models started from scratch, with no innate orientation selectivity and no hardcoded priors about lines, objects, or space. The models were then trained with a biologically plausible fitting objective (unsupervised temporal learning) and biologically plausible prenatal data (retinal waves). Despite starting from scratch, the models spontaneously developed robust orientation selectivity. This result generalized across architecture sizes, training conditions, and retinal waves from different species. Edge representations develop when domain-general fitting mechanisms adapt to prenatal experiences, supporting fitting theories of learning and development.
{"title":"Generic fitting models learn edge representations from prenatal retinal waves","authors":"Lalit Pandey , Samantha M.W. Wood , Benjamin Cappell , Justin N. Wood","doi":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106415","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106415","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Orientation selectivity—the representation of oriented edges—is a hallmark of biological vision, shared across mammals, birds, and reptiles. However, the origins of orientation selectivity are unknown. Is orientation selectivity predetermined, with genes instructing the development of edge representations? Or is orientation selectivity the product of blind evolution-like (variation + selection) fitting during prenatal development? Here, we provide evidence supporting the fitting account. Using generic image-computable fitting models (transformers), we show that orientation selectivity develops when fitting systems adapt to prenatal experiences. Our models started from scratch, with no innate orientation selectivity and no hardcoded priors about lines, objects, or space. The models were then trained with a biologically plausible fitting objective (unsupervised temporal learning) and biologically plausible prenatal data (retinal waves). Despite starting from scratch, the models spontaneously developed robust orientation selectivity. This result generalized across architecture sizes, training conditions, and retinal waves from different species. Edge representations develop when domain-general fitting mechanisms adapt to prenatal experiences, supporting fitting theories of learning and development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48455,"journal":{"name":"Cognition","volume":"271 ","pages":"Article 106415"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146078451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-03-06DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2026.101547
Qingna Du , E. Scott Huebner , Lili Tian
Bullying is a complex social phenomenon and prevalent form of violence in school environments that encompasses various overlapping participant roles, including bullies, victims, and bystanders. The elementary school years are a critical period for the development of bullying involvement. Numerous studies have documented the adverse effects of bullying involvement on students' well-being. However, they have primarily focused on Western populations or adolescent samples, with limited attention given to Chinese elementary school students. Furthermore, due to a predominant reliance on cross-sectional designs, the relations between different profiles and transitions of bullying involvement and key antecedents and outcomes have not been explored fully. By combining person-centered and variable-centered approaches, this study examined the heterogeneous profiles and transitions of bullying involvement, including perpetration, victimization and three types of bystander behaviors (i.e., pro-bullying, passive bystanding, and defending) among Chinese elementary school students, along with their school-level predictors and well-being outcomes. A total of 2510 Chinese elementary school students (54.7% boys, Mage = 9.47) participated in self-report assessments on four occasions employing six-month intervals. Five distinct profiles were identified: non-involved; moderate victimization; moderate pro-bullying and passive bystanding; low perpetration, victimization and bystanding; and high perpetration-moderate victimization and bystanding. The non-involved profile revealed the highest stability over time. Students experiencing more psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer relationship problems were at higher risk of bullying involvement. In addition, students who were not involved in bullying reported the highest levels of well-being. These findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of bullying involvement, highlighting the need for school professionals to provide targeted prevention and intervention strategies in schools taking into account group differences as well as developmental and cultural considerations.
{"title":"Profiles and transitions of bullying involvement among Chinese elementary school students: School-level predictors and well-being outcomes","authors":"Qingna Du , E. Scott Huebner , Lili Tian","doi":"10.1016/j.jsp.2026.101547","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jsp.2026.101547","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bullying is a complex social phenomenon and prevalent form of violence in school environments that encompasses various overlapping participant roles, including bullies, victims, and bystanders. The elementary school years are a critical period for the development of bullying involvement. Numerous studies have documented the adverse effects of bullying involvement on students' well-being. However, they have primarily focused on Western populations or adolescent samples, with limited attention given to Chinese elementary school students. Furthermore, due to a predominant reliance on cross-sectional designs, the relations between different profiles and transitions of bullying involvement and key antecedents and outcomes have not been explored fully. By combining person-centered and variable-centered approaches, this study examined the heterogeneous profiles and transitions of bullying involvement, including perpetration, victimization and three types of bystander behaviors (i.e., pro-bullying, passive bystanding, and defending) among Chinese elementary school students, along with their school-level predictors and well-being outcomes. A total of 2510 Chinese elementary school students (54.7% boys, <em>M</em>age = 9.47) participated in self-report assessments on four occasions employing six-month intervals. Five distinct profiles were identified: non-involved; moderate victimization; moderate pro-bullying and passive bystanding; low perpetration, victimization and bystanding; and high perpetration-moderate victimization and bystanding. The non-involved profile revealed the highest stability over time. Students experiencing more psychological maltreatment by teachers and peer relationship problems were at higher risk of bullying involvement. In addition, students who were not involved in bullying reported the highest levels of well-being. These findings underscore the complex and dynamic nature of bullying involvement, highlighting the need for school professionals to provide targeted prevention and intervention strategies in schools taking into account group differences as well as developmental and cultural considerations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48232,"journal":{"name":"Journal of School Psychology","volume":"116 ","pages":"Article 101547"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147388152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-06-01Epub Date: 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2026.108950
Sungkyung Kim, Hee Jung Hong
This study explores how esports spectators' motivations lead to psychological benefits in two settings: official onsite events and unofficial online streams. The benefits examined are flow experience and subjective wellbeing. A professional research company conducted a cross-sectional survey of 400 South Korean esports consumers with 200 per viewing context. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesised relationships. The results showed that all three motivations predicted flow for onsite spectators, while only skill-based and relationship-based motivations influenced flow for online viewers. Entertainment-based motivations directly enhanced wellbeing in both contexts, while relationship-based motivations predicted wellbeing only for online viewers. Flow experience contributed significantly to wellbeing in both groups and fully mediated the skill-based motivation-wellbeing relationship. Despite these variations, multigroup analysis showed no significant differences between viewing contexts. These findings demonstrate that fundamental psychological mechanisms remain consistent across viewing contexts.
{"title":"Official onsite event versus unofficial streaming: Understanding the wellbeing formation in esports spectatorship","authors":"Sungkyung Kim, Hee Jung Hong","doi":"10.1016/j.chb.2026.108950","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.chb.2026.108950","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study explores how esports spectators' motivations lead to psychological benefits in two settings: official onsite events and unofficial online streams. The benefits examined are flow experience and subjective wellbeing. A professional research company conducted a cross-sectional survey of 400 South Korean esports consumers with 200 per viewing context. We used partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to test the hypothesised relationships. The results showed that all three motivations predicted flow for onsite spectators, while only skill-based and relationship-based motivations influenced flow for online viewers. Entertainment-based motivations directly enhanced wellbeing in both contexts, while relationship-based motivations predicted wellbeing only for online viewers. Flow experience contributed significantly to wellbeing in both groups and fully mediated the skill-based motivation-wellbeing relationship. Despite these variations, multigroup analysis showed no significant differences between viewing contexts. These findings demonstrate that fundamental psychological mechanisms remain consistent across viewing contexts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":48471,"journal":{"name":"Computers in Human Behavior","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 108950"},"PeriodicalIF":8.9,"publicationDate":"2026-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147385741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：
京公网安备 11010802042870号