心理学最新文献

Using structural equation modelling (SEM), this study tested whether parental monetary investments (PMI) and parental time investment (PTI) mediate the effects of family income (FI) on primary math achievement (PMA) in a sample of Bangladeshi children (N = 760, 52% boys, M = 9.1 Years, SD = 3.3 at baseline), studying over 24 months. In doing so, the background variables (fourth-grade math scores, child's age, and sex) were controlled in the model. The results from SEM suggested that fewer PMIs in children's math stimulating materials and fewer PTIs in children's at-home math practices partially mediated the association between lower-FI and poor PMA. Although PTI had a greater amount of variance (15%) in the associations of lower-FI with lower-PMA as compared to PMIs (11%), the full model explained 25% of the variance in the lower-FI and lower-PMA link with control variables. Future directions for policy and research are discussed.

Despite extensive research on childhood maltreatment's pathogenic effects, transdiagnostic mechanisms linking maltreatment to psychiatric disorders remain underexplored. This study examined intolerance of uncertainty (IU) as a mediator and the behavioural inhibition system (BIS) as a moderator in the associations between childhood maltreatment and both anxiety and depression. Data were collected from 3503 Chinese adolescents (51.0% male; M_age = 14.00, SD = 1.34). The results showed that IU mediated the associations between childhood maltreatment and both anxiety and depression. BIS significantly moderated direct and indirect pathways in both models. Notably, Johnson-Neyman analysis identified a transition point (at standardized BIS scores ≤ -1.80) where BIS' moderating effect on the maltreatment-depression pathway shifted from significant to non-significant. This pattern was not observed in the anxiety model. This divergence suggests distinct roles of BIS in anxiety versus depression. The findings suggest that IU and BIS may serve as potential intervention targets in efforts to mitigate the psychopathological outcomes associated with childhood maltreatment.

Numerous studies have shown that the processes underlying trait judgments can be influenced by concurrent affect processing. The present project explores the role of emotional mimicry in trait attribution. Across three experiments, we asked participants to assess social characteristics of faces expressing happiness, sadness, and anger. In Experiments 1 and 3, we used facial electromyography to predict participants' inferences about trustworthiness, confidence, and attractiveness (Experiment 1) or their behaviorally assessed trust by asking participants to share virtual points in a "trust/investment game" (Experiment 3). In Experiment 2, we tested the causal relationship between facial activity and trait judgments. Participants were asked to assess trustworthiness while performing facial movements that either enhanced or inhibited muscle activity during mimicry of given emotional expressions. The results indicate that mimicry of happiness not only predicts but is causally linked to perceptions of trustworthiness-the stronger the imitation, the more positive the assessments. The results of Experiments 1 and 3 show that increased sadness mimicry is associated with lower trust ratings, although the results of Experiment 2 do not support a causal relationship. Additionally, we confirmed previous observations that people are more likely to mimic affiliative displays (i.e., happiness and sadness) than antagonistic ones (i.e., anger), with happiness being the most likely to be mimicked. In summary, these studies provide evidence that facial mimicry modulates social trait inferences and underscores the functional role of mimicry in social interactions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Begrudging others' success is a hallmark of envy. Understandably, this has made envy researchers keen to discover the variables that prompt people to begrudge successful others. However, not all negative reactions toward successful individuals stem from envy; for instance, one need not invoke the green-eyed monster to explain our desire to see immoral villains fail. While seemingly uncontroversial, this point poses a challenge to a large and growing body of research that has linked envy with (un)deservingness, finding that undeserved success prompts more ill will than deserved success: Are these negative feelings truly driven by envy or by some other emotion? To help resolve this issue, we introduce the third-party criterion-a novel method for ruling out false elicitors of envy. This criterion specifies that if a variable makes potential enviers and third parties (not in a position to experience envy) both begrudge someone's success to similar extents, that variable is unlikely to moderate envy specifically. We report eight studies (four in the main text and four in the Supplemental Materials, N = 1,507) involving participants recruited from online participant pools between 2022 and 2025 in which we use this procedure to probe variables purported to increase feelings of envy. Ultimately, we find that while some well-established variables do not pass the third-party criterion (e.g., deservingness), others do (e.g., audience valuation). Identifying the precise factors that elicit each emotion is a fundamental goal in emotion research. The third-party criterion offers a simple, widely applicable tool for helping meet that goal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Individuals may consider socioeconomic status (SES) change from an absolute or relative standpoint. Across five studies and supplementary analyses of secondary data, we found that individuals who perceive SES as being unlikely to change (i.e., low perceived social mobility) tend to consider SES change from a relative standpoint-i.e., one person's gain in SES occurs at the expense of another's loss in SES-reflecting that they harbor zero-sum beliefs regarding social hierarchies. In other words, the extent to which individuals believe that society is mobile predicts how they consider the nature of social mobility. This relationship is mediated by a scarcity mindset and further predicts the tendency for aggression. The findings held when we controlled for variables such as perceived economic inequality, income, and education.

Is anti-Black discrimination concentrated among a discriminatory few, or widespread across many decision-makers? The handful of studies that have addressed this question have reached divergent conclusions, with some suggesting that discrimination follows the 80/20 rule (i.e., a Pareto distribution) and others suggesting that discrimination is normally distributed. This paper explores the distribution of discrimination in hiring, housing, and judicial decisions. Study 1 examined the distribution of anti-Black discrimination in judges' repeated sentencing decisions. The distribution of discrimination was more consistent with a normal distribution than a Pareto distribution. In Study 2, meta-analyses of hiring and housing field experiments revealed anti-Black discrimination in more than 80% of studies. Simulations of widespread discrimination using a normal distribution were more consistent with these experimental data than were simulations of concentrated discrimination using a Pareto distribution. These findings suggest that discrimination is not concentrated in the behaviors of a few highly biased individuals.

Two implicit propositional measures designed to detect faking in personality-related scales were tested across four experimental studies. Study 1 (n = 116) included the Deception Relational Responding Task and Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire as the faking-detector and target scale, respectively. Respondents were randomly assigned to faking or no-faking conditions. Faking respondents were instructed to appear opposite to their narcissistic profile, while no-faking had to respond honestly. In Study 2 (n = 133), the faking-detector was the Deception Implicit Association Test (Dec-aIAT), while the target scale and faking/no-faking instructions remained the same. In Studies 3 (n = 74) and 4 (n = 111), the faking-detector was again the Dec-aIAT, while the target scale was the Big Five Questionnaire-2. Faking respondents had to adhere to a desirable target profile (Study 3; faking-good) or its opposite (Study 4; faking-bad) while no-faking should respond honestly. Overall, the implicit measures showed adequate-to-excellent reliability, discriminating power, and classification accuracy.

A criminological fact is that there is an overlap between victims and offenders. Yet within this line of research less is known about the impact of specific types of victimization and how this relationship varies by gender and levels of low self-control (LSC). Employing a gendered perspective, this study expands the understanding of the victim-offender overlap by highlighting how the experiences of victimization and offending differ between men and women and by LSC. Negative binomial regressions using longitudinal data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) indicate that there are gender differences in the effects of childhood caregiver abuse on self-reported offending over time. Cumulative violent victimization predicts increased offending for both men and women and is the strongest predictor overall. Low self-control moderates these relationships at Wave III, with significant interactions indicating that higher self-control weakens the impact of cumulative victimization on offending behaviors. Notably, these moderating effects diminish by Wave IV, suggesting developmental changes or reduced relevance of earlier victimization over time. This observed interaction varies in intensity by gender. By integrating gender and victimization type, this research contributes to a more thorough understanding of heterogeneity in the victim-offender overlap, emphasizing the importance of considering both gender-specific and general factors in addressing the effects of interpersonal violence. Future research should expand the field's understanding of the role of diversity in the victim-offender overlap by examining nonbinary gender identities and different sexual orientations as these are known factors that impact both the likelihood of victimization and offending.

Motor assessment has emerged as complementary evidence for the detection of late life cognitive disorders. Clinicians lack inexpensive, accurate, and portable tools for this purpose. To fill this void, the current study piloted measures from the Mizzou Point-of-care Assessment System a multimodal sensor platform. We examined the ability of these motor function measures to distinguish neurocognitive status and assessed their associations with cognitive performance. Data came from 42 older adults, including 16 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Participants performed dual task gait, pairing walking with serial subtraction by sevens, along with aa neuropsychological test battery. T-tests revealed that individuals with MCI demonstrated slower stride times (d = .55) and shorter stride lengths (d = .98) compared to healthy older adults. Results from hierarchical regression showed that stride time and stride length predicted cognitive performance across several domains, after controlling for cognitive status and demographics. Cognitive status moderated this relationship for global cognition and attention, wherein gait measures were significantly related to these outcomes for the cognitively normal group, but not the MCI group. Evidence from the current study provided preliminary support that MPASS measures demonstrate expected associations with cognitive performance and can distinguish amongst those with and without cognitive impairment.

Objectives: One of the most frequently applied paradigms in the clinical and experimental fields for assessing working memory is the simple span task, composed of forward and backward recall conditions. However, the utility of the simple span measures and their relation to working memory modalities has yet to be elucidated. The current study aimed to address which of the span measures is more sensitive to the differentiation between forward and backward recall in the tactile, verbal, and visuo-spatial modalities, and to test if working memory modalities differ in the disparity between the two conditions.

Methods: 134 healthy young adults performed the Tactual, Digit, and Visuo-spatial Span tasks, producing Total Correct scores and Longest Sequence score measures.

Results: There was an interaction effect for condition and modality type, showing better performance for the forward compared to the backward recall in both measures. However, the effect size of the Longest Sequence score was significantly higher than the Total Correct score in all tasks. Furthermore, the Visuo-spatial Span exhibited a larger difference between forward and backward recall compared to the Digit and Tactual Span, whereas no difference was found between the latter two.

Conclusions: Forward and backward recall are distinguished in all three modalities, and the Longest Sequence score is more sensitive to differentiate between storage and manipulation components of working memory than the Total Correct score. Additionally, the cognitive demand imposed by manipulation compared to storage is the greatest in the visuo-spatial modality.