心理学最新文献

Objectives: Cognitive and affective factors have been implicated in verbal fluency (VF) performance in Parkinson's disease (PD). This exploratory study aimed to investigate the relationships between cognitive and affective variables on traditional ("core") and "process" (error and interval) scores of VF and elucidate unique information these scores may provide regarding mechanisms underlying VF.

Methods: Sixty-two PD patients without dementia completed clinical neuropsychological examinations consisting of attention, processing speed, language, executive functioning, visuospatial, memory, and mood measures. Hierarchical regression and negative binomial regression analyses were used to evaluate relationships between outcome and predictor variables.

Results: Generativity results revealed that processing speed and working memory explained up to 34% of the variance of total letter fluency responses (p = <.001) and processing speed explained 24% of the variance for total semantic fluency (p = .003). For category switching generativity, only age predicted 20% of the variance (p = .01). Two executive functioning measures were negatively associated with error production over the duration (b = -.055, p = .028; b = -.062, p = .004) and final 45-second interval (b = -.072, p = .003; b = -.044, p = .033) of the category switching task. In the initial 15-second task interval, a positive predictive relationship between error production and indifference apathy (b = .616, p = .044) was demonstrated.

Conclusions: Findings demonstrate the potential utility of "process" scores in detecting subtle cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia and tentatively evidence the role of indifference apathy in task initiation.

Introduction: There is still a requirement for concise, practical scales that can be readily incorporated into everyday schedules and predict the likelihood of dementia onset in individuals without dementia. This study aimed to assess the reliability of the ANU-ADRI (Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index)-Short Form in Turkish geriatric patients.

Methods: This methodological study involved 339 elderly patients attending the geriatric outpatient clinic for various reasons. The known-group validity and divergent validity were assessed. The ANU-ADRI was administered during the baseline test and again within one week for retest purposes. Alongside the ANU-ADRI, all participants underwent a comprehensive geriatric assessment, including Activities of Daily Living (ADL), mobility assessment (Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA) and Timed Up and Go Test), nutritional assessment (Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA)), and global cognition evaluation (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)).

Results: The scale demonstrated satisfactory linguistic validity. A correlation was observed between the mean scores of the ANU-ADRI test and retest (r = 0.997, p < 0.001). Additionally, there existed a moderate negative linear association between the ANU-ADRI and MMSE scores (r = -0.310, p < 0.001), POMA (r = -0.406, p < 0.001), Basic ADL (r = -0.359, p < 0.001), and Instrumental ADL (r = -0.294, p < 0.001). Moreover, a moderate positive linear association was found between the ANU-ADRI and the Timed Up and Go Test duration (r = 0.538, p < 0.001).

Conclusion: The ANU-ADRI-Short Form was proved as a valuable tool for clinical practice, facilitating the assessment of Alzheimer's disease risk within the Turkish geriatric population.

Despite significant interest in how social media use (SMU) is associated with college student depression, little consensus has been drawn in this area. We argue that a critical step forward is examining how college student depressive symptoms are associated with (a) the emotions students experience while engaged in SMU and (b) how individuals choose to engage in weekly SMU in ways known to impact their emotions. Data were collected in 2022. College students (N = 382) engaged in four SMU types (order randomized) for 3 min in real time during a controlled experiment. They rated their negative affect and positive affect before and after each SMU type. They also completed measures assessing weekly engagement in each SMU type and depressive symptoms. We examined how depressive symptoms were associated with (a) affect change during each SMU type during the experiment (i.e., experimental approach) and (b) with how people engaged in weekly SMU in ways known to influence their emotions experimentally (i.e., person-based survey approach). Depressive symptoms were associated with students feeling worse (more negative affect or less positive affect) during real-time engagement in all four SMU types. Depressive symptoms were also associated with greater weekly engagement in SMU types that were the ones that increased that person's negative affect and decreased their positive affect. By considering multiple types of SMU and taking a person-based approach, our findings help clarify complicated associations between SMU and depression. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This research examines cardiovascular response to everyday threats and challenges during wakefulness and sleep. Approximately 11,000 people, who comprised a diverse sample ethnically but not socioeconomically, completed three weekly morning and evening surveys in which they indicated whether they expected and experienced threats and challenges that day. Participants also provided measures of blood pressure on morning surveys and provided measures of average heart rate during the day and resting heart rate when asleep via their WHOOP biometric capture device. Enrollment began in April 2024, and data collection ceased in July 2024. Results indicated that both threat and challenge were associated with higher blood pressure and higher average heart rate during the day. In contrast, when people were asleep, threat was associated with higher resting heart rate but challenge was associated with lower resting heart rate. These results suggest that the body achieves more restorative sleep in preparation for perceived challenges but not for perceived threats, raising the possibility that the greater stress associated with threats disrupts the body's capacity for restorative sleep. The generalizability of these results to members of economically marginalized groups remains an open question. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

The present research provides a new perspective on how preparation influences cognitive reappraisal to enhance positive emotions. Across two experiments, we examined whether the impact of preparation on positive emotion regulation (ER) is driven by the specific reappraisal tactic employed (self-focused reappraisal vs. situation-focused reappraisal) or by the overarching regulatory goal of enhancing positive emotions. In Experiment 1, 45 participants engaged in self-focused reappraisal, whereas in Experiment 2, 42 participants engaged in situation-focused reappraisal. An adapted ER task assessed emotional experiences under varying conditions, manipulating cues to either allow prior preparation (proactive ER) or occur without specific preparation (reactive ER). Results showed that reactive ER was consistently less effective than proactive ER in upregulating positive emotions, irrespective of the tactic employed. These findings support a goal-driven account over a tactic-driven account, highlighting the pivotal role of regulatory goals established during preparation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Self-organizing systems can shift between stability and flexibility in response to perturbation, a potential adaptive mechanism for understanding biopsychosocial resilience. Inverse power law (IPL) structure, a frequency distribution that describes fractal patterns commonly produced by self-organization, produces measurements of stability and flexibility. This study applies these measures to emotional resilience at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Ratings of frequency over the past week (1-5 Likert scale) across 12 emotions (six positive and six negative) were gathered in mid-April 2020 as part of a survey of adults' (N = 4,094) pandemic experiences and health in the United States. The distributions of everyone's emotion ratings were tested for IPL fit, resulting in a mean R² = .75. A steeper IPL shape parameter, reflecting greater emotional stability, was associated with better mental (anxiety, depression, and stress) and physical (fatigue, headache, and diarrhea) health overall. However, when total scores for positive and negative emotion were controlled, the reverse effect was found. Finally, a significant interaction effect was found between a measure of COVID-19 impact and IPL shape on each of the six health outcomes, suggesting that greater emotional flexibility may provide buffering against large-scale and unexpected challenges. Altogether, these results suggest that emotional stability may be most beneficial against illness when life is relatively stable, while emotional flexibility may be more adaptive when life is unstable. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Objective: Trauma-exposed individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms are at risk for problematic cannabis use. However, modifiable risk factors associated with cannabis use in this population are less clear. Posttraumatic cognitions (PTC; negative cognitions about the self, self-blame, and negative cognitions about the world) have recently been investigated as potential motivators for substance use, particularly to cope with distress, but extant research is limited. The current study tested whether PTC are associated with increased coping-oriented cannabis cravings using an experimental design (i.e., trauma script-driven imagery).

Method: Trauma-exposed cannabis users (N = 56; 58.9% female; M_age = 20.69 years; White: 73.2%, Black: 21.4%) self-reported PTC and cannabis use frequency and were assessed for PTSD diagnosis. State cravings to use cannabis to cope with negative emotions were assessed before and after trauma script-driven imagery.

Results: After covarying for cannabis use frequency and PTSD diagnosis, elevated PTC were significantly associated with increased state cravings to use cannabis to cope with negative emotions (β = .19, t(46) = 2.32, p = .025, sr² = .02). Of PTC subscales, only higher negative cognitions about the self were significantly associated with increased state cannabis cravings (β = .19, t(46) = 2.34, p = .024, sr² = .03), while self-blame and negative cognitions about the world were not.

Conclusion: Elevated PTC, particularly about the self, may enhance cannabis cravings in response to trauma cues. Future research may include investigating associations between PTC and cannabis use in naturalistic environments outside of the laboratory setting.

Perspective taking (PT) is the ability to imagine viewpoints different from our own. However, the nature of PT as a construct and its underlying cognitive mechanisms are not well established. Some researchers propose that understanding what others believe (cognitive PT), feel (affective PT), and see (spatial PT) forms a single behavioral dimension, relying on the orienting of attention between competing frame-of-reference representations. Others propose that PT mechanisms are dissociable, although there are three different proposals about such dissociations. The present study examined behavioral associations among measures of spatial, cognitive, and affective PT and attentional control in neurotypical young adults. There was a lack of convergent validity for measures of cognitive and affective PT, pointing to the need for more psychometric work on these dimensions. Much better convergence was found for spatial PT measures. There was little to no behavioral association between spatial PT and either social form of PT (cognitive or affective) or attentional control measures. This pattern suggests support for a dissociated model in which spatial PT is a distinct cognitive construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

This study investigates the network structure and interconnections of social-emotional skills among high-achieving 10- and 15-year-old students. Using cross-sectional data from the 2019 Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Survey on Social and Emotional Skills, we identified central skills and examined how these skills interacted within the networks of the two age cohorts. The sample included 7731 10-year-olds and 7430 15-year-olds from 10 cities across nine countries. Empathy and cooperation were identified as the most central skills in the network of high-achieving 10-year-olds, while cooperation uniquely remained central among 15-year-olds. We also observed denser and more integrated network structures in adolescence. These findings highlight the importance of central skills, particularly cooperation and empathy, in fostering social-emotional competence through developmentally tailored educational programmes.

Whether scientific reasoning is a domain-general or domain-specific ability remains controversial. This longitudinal study followed 53 German aged 6-9 years (31 females, 22 males) from kindergarten into elementary school to investigate how kindergarten-age scientific reasoning, intelligence, and disciplinary knowledge influence their third-grade mathematics and German language abilities (based on teacher ratings). Scientific reasoning was assessed with comprehensive inventories (the Science-Kindergarten and the Science-Primary School Reasoning Inventories). Intelligence, language abilities (receptive language and text comprehension in kindergarten and elementary school, respectively), and kindergarten mathematics were assessed with standardized instruments. Kindergarten scientific reasoning predicted third-grade mathematics abilities independent of parental education levels, and also the intelligence and kindergarten mathematics ability of the children. The language ability of children was predicted solely by kindergarten language abilities. These findings support the view that scientific reasoning is a domain-general science skill, which is different from intelligence and relevant for mathematics learning among elementary school students.