心理学最新文献

We developed a new measure designed to facilitate research on the potential role of men's attitude toward sexual aggression against women in gender-based sexual violence: the Attitude toward Sexual Aggression against Women (ASAW) scale. We created a large pool of items, in which participants were asked to evaluate how bad it would be if they engaged in various sexually aggressive behaviors in a variety of scenarios. Three independent samples of men recruited from online panels (N = 380, 149, and 322) completed these items. Based on their responses, we retained 13 non-redundant items that had the most variance and covered a wide range of sexually aggressive behaviors (e.g., unwanted sexual touching; non-consensual sex), tactics (e.g., threatening to damage her reputation; using physical force), and contexts (e.g., the woman previously agreed to some sexual activity; the woman is intoxicated). An exploratory factor analysis found that all 13 ASAW items loaded strongly onto one factor, which suggests a unidimensional structure. If future research finds evidence for the construct validity of its scores, potential uses for the ASAW include risk assessment, treatment-related attitude-change, and research into the potential causal role of attitudes in sexual aggression against women.

This study aims to explore the theory of mind (ToM) status in individuals with congenital visual impairment (CVI) and identify key predictive factors. For Study 1, the false-belief task was used to assess ToM ability in children aged 7-10 years (60 with normal sight, 33 with legal blindness, and 23 with total blindness). The results showed that children with total blindness had significantly lower false-belief scores than sighted children, with those with legal blindness performing in between. In the first-order false-belief task, verbal ability only moderated differences between children with total blindness and sighted children. Meanwhile, in the second-order false-belief task, verbal ability moderated differences between children with total blindness and sighted children and between children with legal blindness and sighted children. For Study 2, the faux pas task was used to examine the roles of age, residual vision, and verbal ability in ToM development among 166 adolescents aged 7-19 years with CVI. While age and verbal ability significantly predicted ToM development, residual vision had no significant predictive effect. In conclusion, compared with sighted children, those with CVI show delayed ToM development, though children with legal blindness perform better than those with total blindness. Age and verbal ability are key predictors of ToM development in children with CVI. Thus, in the early stages of ToM development, maximizing the use of residual vision and other senses is crucial. Further, enhancing verbal abilities, such as through using mental state terms in conversations and reading literary works, can mitigate the negative impact of CVI. Finally, intervention strategies should be tailored to age characteristics.

Social connections are fundamental to human well-being, yet ostracism can lead to mental and physical maladjustment. Ostracized individuals often attempt to reconnect, but their efforts can be hindered by feelings of helplessness and depression. This study examines factors that facilitate helping behavior toward ostracized individuals by third parties who witness the ostracism, that is, the mediating effects of guilt and shame on the effects of witnessing ostracism on subsequent helping behavior. Participants (n = 161) read scenarios depicting ostracism or inclusion situations and reported their likelihood to engage in helping behaviors and their feelings of guilt and shame after witnessing the events. Results indicated that guilt mediated a positive relationship between witnessing ostracism and subsequent helping behavior, whereas shame mediated a negative relationship. These findings are consistent with existing research on the prosocial motivation of guilt and the avoidance tendencies of shame. The results highlight the complex interplay of emotions in shaping bystander responses to ostracism and shed light on potential interventions to promote inclusive behaviors. By influencing the emotions of bystanders, prosocial actions based on guilt can be encouraged and avoidance based on shame can be discouraged, ultimately promoting a more inclusive society.

Does residential mobility change cultures, or is it merely a downstream indicator for other forces? Using large-scale surveys of citizens of 18 industrialized nations, we find that increased rates of residential mobility predict living in a more dynamic society at least 10 years in the future: one in which residents are more satisfied with their lives, have greater optimism, endorse more individualistic concepts, are more open to new ideas, have a greater sense of freedom of action, feel able to make friends more easily, express a more cosmopolitan identity, believe that their society rewards merit, and hold their community to a higher standard for treatment of minorities. These findings are echoed in the experience of Americans who have themselves recently moved, where we find that having successfully moved predicts a future sense of personal thriving, optimism, and a belief that merit is rewarded.

A growing number of studies recognize the importance of emotion knowledge for later child social and academic adaptation, but most studies have not considered the various components of emotion knowledge (i.e., receptive, expressive, stereotypical, and nonstereotypical emotion konwledge). This study was to better understand the role of both family interactions and cognitive flexibility on the different components of emotion knowledge in preschoolers in the context of financial insecurity. Family interactions of 85 families with children aged 3-5 were filmed during a home visit. During the same visit, emotion knowledge was measured using a puppet task, and cognitive flexibility was assessed using a standardized task. Results showed that the quality of family interactions significantly contributed to all components of emotion knowledge. Child cognitive flexibility only significantly contributed to the expressive and nonstereotyped components of emotion knowledge. No significant associations were found between household income and the different components of emotion knowledge. These results highlight the importance of considering the family environment and the interactions between all family members, as well as cognitive flexibility on preschoolers' emotion knowledge skills in the context of financial insecurity. These results offer new avenues for interventions aimed at supporting the development of these skills among low-income families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Statistical learning, the ability to extract regularities from the environment, is a fundamental cognitive process that influences many aspects of human cognition. However, it is not yet entirely clear whether-and to what extent-this ability declines with age. While older adults are known to effectively learn environmental regularities to guide their search, it remains unclear whether they can also learn to suppress locations likely to contain a distractor. In the present study, 96 young and 96 older adults (M_ages = 24 vs. 65 years old, respectively) performed an additional singleton task, searching for a shape singleton while a color singleton distractor was present. Crucially, the color distractor appeared more frequently in one specific location than in others. In line with previous research, participants exhibited (a) more effective suppression of distractors appearing at high-probability locations; (b) a clear spatial gradient of suppression, with search efficiency decreasing as the distance from the distractor increased; and (c) hampered target selection when the target appeared at the location that usually contained a distractor. While both young and older adults showed learned suppression primarily in the first block, with the effect persisting throughout the experiment, older adults showed a smaller magnitude of suppression compared to young adults. We conclude that while the ability to learn statistical regularities largely remains intact with age, the behavioral consequences of this learning are reduced with old age. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Parental marital quality significantly influences parent-child attachment security. Previous empirical studies have produced inconsistent conclusions regarding whether this relation is positive, as indicated by the spillover hypothesis and emotional security theory, or negative, as suggested by the compensation hypothesis. In response, this study further clarified the magnitude of the relation between parental marital quality and parent-child attachment security utilizing a three-level meta-analysis. A systematic literature search identified 69 studies involving 21,346 participants and 366 effect sizes. The analysis revealed a significant positive relation between parental marital quality and parent-child attachment security (r = 0.251, p < .001). Moreover, the present meta-analysis observed significant moderating effects concerning children's age, culture, research design, and measures of parent-child attachment security, as well as dimensions, informants, and measures of parental marital quality. These findings offer valuable insights for interventions aimed at improving parent-child attachment within the context of family dynamics. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

Many studies have documented increases in child mental health problems during the COVID-19 pandemic, compared to prepandemic estimates. However, less is known about the long-term trajectories of mental health during the pandemic, and how shared (e.g., family-average parenting) and nonshared (e.g., differential parenting) environments are associated with these trajectories. The aim of the present study was to explore longitudinal patterns of parent-reported child anger, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and sleep problems during the pandemic, and to examine associations with the parenting environment. Data came from a longitudinal study that followed caregivers (n = 549) and two of their children (n = 1,098; aged 5-19 years) across seven waves between May 2020 and September 2022. Three-level multilevel models investigated the trajectories of child mental health symptoms, and the variance in outcomes attributed to between-family, within-family, and within-individual differences. Significant proportions of variance in child mental health were attributed to family differences, individual differences, and change over time. On average, child mental health improved over time, although these trajectories were nonlinear. Higher family-level positive parenting practices and lower family-level negative parenting practices were associated with lower child mental health problems for both siblings. Children who were disfavored (received more negativity/less positivity compared to their sibling) had higher levels of mental health problems. Both family-wide and individual-level factors play a role in child mental health during periods of stress, emphasizing the importance of considering parenting and mental health across layers of family organization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2026 APA, all rights reserved).

An increasing number of adolescents attending child and adolescent mental health services present symptoms consistent with an emerging personality disorder (PD). Early identification and intervention are critical to preventing the devastating progression of symptoms, reducing the duration of untreated disorders, and supporting the recovery, development, and future quality of life of these individuals. The primary aim of this paper is to introduce a group therapy proposal designed for the entire spectrum of adolescent PDs: Metacognitive Interpersonal Group Therapy for Adolescents (MIT-GA). MIT-GA is a profoundly experiential interpersonal psychotherapy aimed at promoting the progressive growth of awareness and regulation of mental states, that is metacognition, and so alleviating symptoms and interpersonal problems. The paper first outlines the core principles of the treatment, its general structure, and session content. Next, it illustrates the therapeutic methodology through the case of Nora, a 16-year-old adolescent suffering from emerging, moderate PD with mixed features, primarily dependent and borderline. To evaluate the therapy's impact, quantitative and qualitative results are presented before and after the treatment, as well as 6 months post-therapy, focusing on symptomatology, interpersonal functioning, and overall functioning. Finally, the paper offers reflections on working with PDs, and discusses the advantages and challenges of MIT-GA.

The 2020 National Survey on Drug Use indicates nearly three quarters of individuals ages 18-25 have used substances in the past year. Research suggests individuals who use substances to cope with negative mood states are typically more substance-involved, report more psychological distress, and have a more extensive treatment history. Additionally, the high rate of polysubstance use among substance using adults in the U.S. highlights the need for broadband measures that can adequately capture use, consequences, and motivations for use of multiple substances. However, most measures assessing motives for use are typically substance specific. Recently, Biolcati and Passini (2019) developed a brief, but comprehensive model of broad substance use motives (i.e., Substance Use Motives Measure, SUMM) based on well-established motives questionnaires (e.g., DMQ-R, MMQ). They found support for their proposed eight-factor model in an online sample of Italian citizens (ages 18-60). No studies to date have examined the psychometric properties of the SUMM with an English-speaking or US college student sample. The current study evaluates the factor structure of the SUMM in a sample of 143 college students (74.8% female, 77.6% White, and 94.4% non-Hispanic/Latinx) at a large, southeastern university in the United States. Results of a confirmatory factor analysis showed support for the previously identified eight-factor structure for the SUMM, with acceptable model fit and internal consistency of each factor found. Findings support using the SUMM as a broad measure of substance use motives, but more research is needed to assess measurement invariance across different groups and to evaluate external, concurrent, and convergent validity using other well-established measures of substance use motives, severity, and psychiatric symptomatology.