材料科学最新文献

Background: Since immigrants and their descendants represent a growing proportion of the US population, there is a strong demographic imperative for scientists to better understand the cancer risk factors at multiple levels that exist for these populations. Understanding the upstream causes of cancer, including neighborhood context, may help prevention efforts. Residence in ethnic enclaves may be one such contextual cause; however, the evidence is mixed, and past research has not utilized prospective designs examining cancer incidence or mortality.

Methods: We examined the association between residency in ethnic enclaves and cancer events among Hispanic (n = 753) and Chinese (n = 451) participants without a history of cancer in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), a prospective cohort study that enrolled participants ages 45-84 in six US cities. Cancer events included deaths and hospitalization for any cancer diagnosis from 2000-2012. Residency in an ethnic enclave was operationalized as their geocoded baseline census tract having a concentration of residents of the same ethnicity greater than the 75th percentile (compared to non-ethnic enclave otherwise). Potential confounders were blocked into three categories: sociodemographic, acculturation, and biomedical/health behavior variables. To examine the association between ethnic enclaves and cancer, we estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results: Among Hispanic participants, residing in ethnic enclaves (vs. not) was associated with a 39% reduction in cancer risk (HR 0.61, 95%CI: 0.31, 1.21) after adjusting for sociodemographic variables. Among Chinese participants, residing in ethnic enclaves was associated with a 2.8-fold increase in cancer risk (HR 2.86, 95%CI; 1.38, 5.94) after adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that the association between ethnic enclaves and cancer events differs by ethnic group, suggesting that different social and contextual factors may operate in different communities.

Introduction: Racial residential segregation has been shown to affect the absolute levels of racial disparities in a wide variety of health outcomes in the USA but it is not known whether changes in segregation also influence these racial health disparities. This study examines the relationship between changes in racial residential segregation over four decades (1980-2020) and trends in racial disparities in early mortality (under age 65) rates among non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White persons across a wide range of health outcomes in 220 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) during the period 2001-2018.

Methods: Using the CDC WONDER Underlying Cause of Death database, we derived annual estimates of race-specific death rates and rate ratios for each MSA. We used latent trajectory analysis to examine the relationship between the level of segregation and changes in segregation over time in an MSA and trends in death rate disparities in that MSA.

Results: The trajectory analysis resulted in a linear, three group model in which trajectory Groups 1 and 2 had decreasing trends in the ratios of Black to White death rates over time while in Group 3, the disparity remained almost constant over time. Increases in the level of segregation in an MSA from 1980 to 2000 were significantly associated with the likelihood that the MSA was in Group 3 and experienced no improvement in racial health disparities in mortality over time.

Conclusion: This paper provides new evidence that changes in segregation are related to trends in racial health disparities in mortality rates over time.

Objective: Understanding the causal mechanisms through which telephone and mobile health continuing care approaches reduce alcohol use can help develop more efficient interventions that effectively target these mechanisms. Self-efficacy for successfully coping with high-risk alcohol relapse situations is a theoretically and empirically supported mediator of alcohol treatment. This secondary analysis aims to examine self-efficacy as a mechanism through which remote-delivered continuing care interventions reduce alcohol use.

Method: The study included 262 adults (M_age = 46.9, SD = 7.4) who had completed 3 weeks of an intensive outpatient alcohol treatment program. The sample was predominantly male (71%), African American (82%), and completed a high school education (71%). The four-arm randomized clinical trial compared three active continuing care interventions (telephone monitoring and counseling [TMC], addiction comprehensive health enhancement support system [ACHESS], and combined delivery of TMC and ACHESS) to usual care and assessed longitudinal measures of alcohol use and self-efficacy. Analyses employed the potential outcomes framework and sensitivity analyses to address threats to causal inference resulting from an observed mediator variable.

Results: Relative to usual care, the two intervention conditions that included TMC reduced alcohol use through improvements to self-efficacy. There was no evidence that self-efficacy mediated the effect of ACHESS on alcohol use.

Conclusions: Based on our findings, self-efficacy is an important mechanism through which telephone continuing care interventions affect alcohol use. Future research to identify which components of TMC influence self-efficacy and factors that mediate ACHESS effects could enhance the effectiveness of remote delivery of continuing care. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Understanding the nutritional diversity in Perilla (Perilla frutescens L.) is essential for selecting and developing superior varieties with enhanced nutritional profiles in the North Eastern Himalayan (NEH) region of India. In this study, we assessed the nutritional composition of 45 diverse perilla germplasm collected from five NEH states using standard protocols and advanced analytical techniques. Significant variability was observed in moisture (0.39-11.67%), ash (2.59-7.13%), oil (28.65-74.20%), protein (11.05-23.15%), total soluble sugars (0.34-3.67%), starch (0.01-0.55%), phenols (0.03-0.87%), ferric reducing antioxidant power (0.45-1.36%), palmitic acid (7.06-10.75%), stearic acid (1.96-2.29%), oleic acid (8.11-13.31%), linoleic acid (15.18-22.74%), and linolenic acid (55.47-67.07%). Similarly, significant variability in mineral content (ppm) was also observed for aluminium, calcium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, nickel, phosphorus, and zinc. Multivariate analyses, including hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA), revealed the enriched nutritional diversity within the germplasm. Correlation analysis indicated significant positive and negative relationships between nutritional parameters, indicating potential biochemical and metabolic interactions present in the perilla seeds. TOPSIS-based ranking identified promising genotypes for functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and nutritional applications. This study provides a first in-depth report of the nutritional composition and diversity of perilla germplasm in the NEH region, thus aiding in the identification of superior varieties for food and nutritional diversification and security.

Introduction: The safety of antiviral agents in real-world clinical settings is crucial, as pre-marketing studies often do not capture all adverse events (AE). Active pharmacovigilance strategies are essential for detecting and characterising these AE comprehensively.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and characterise active pharmacovigilance strategies used in real-world clinical settings for patients under systemic antiviral agents, focusing on the frequency of AE and the clinical data sources used.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review by searching three electronic bibliographic databases targeting observational prospective active pharmacovigilance studies, phase IV clinical trials for post-marketing safety surveillance, and interventional studies assessing active pharmacovigilance strategies, focusing on individuals exposed to systemic antiviral agents.

Results: We included 36 primary studies, predominantly using Drug Event Monitoring (DEM), with a minority employing sentinel sites and registries. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was the most common condition, with the majority using DEM. Within the DEM, there was a wide range of incidences of patients experiencing at least one AE, and most of these studies used one or two data sources. Sentinel site studies were less common, with two on hepatitis C virus (HCV) and one on HIV, each relying on one or two data sources. The single study using a registry focusing on HIV therapy reported using just one data source. Patient interviews were the most common data source, followed by medical records and laboratory tests. The quality of the studies was considered 'good' in 18/36, 'fair' in 1/36, and 'poor' in 17/36 studies.

Conclusion: DEM was the predominant pharmacovigilance strategy, employing multiple data sources, and appears to increase the likelihood of detecting higher AE incidence. Establishing such a framework would facilitate a more detailed and consistent approach across different studies and settings.

Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increasingly prevalent worldwide, and there is a critical need for novel interventions. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), an anti-inflammatory cytokine that regulates metabolism, is a promising biomarker for these conditions. The goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to examine the role of IL-33 in obesity and T2D, assessing its potential in predicting disease progression. A systematic search was performed on Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed up until May 30, 2023. Each study was assessed for quality and sources of bias using the relevant critical appraisal checklists. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare IL-33 levels in individuals with obesity and T2D versus healthy controls (HC), and in obesity alone versus HC. Eighteen studies were included in the systematic review, and nine qualified for meta-analyses. The analyses showed insufficient evidence to suggest a significant difference in IL-33 levels between individuals with T2D and HC (mean difference, MD = -79.95, 95% CI [-241.38; 81.48]), with substantial heterogeneity across the studies observed (I² = 97.1%, τ² = 33,549.15). Similarly, there was insufficient evidence to suggest a significant difference between nondiabetic individuals with obesity and HC (MD = -7.31, 95% CI [-25.74; 11.13]), and heterogeneity was noted (I² = 86.2%, τ² = 342.45). There is insufficient evidence to indicate significant differences in IL-33 levels in individuals with T2D or obesity compared with HC. The results suggest a need for improved IL-33 measurement methods to reduce heterogeneity, enhancing understanding of the role of IL-33 in obesity and T2D, and informing future research and therapeutic strategies.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our research finds an inconclusive relationship between IL-33 serum levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and nondiabetic individuals with obesity. In addition, we note a potential gender association with IL-33 serum levels. Further studies with larger cohorts are required to assess the significance of serum IL-33 in T2D and obesity. Urgent standardization is needed in IL-33 quantification and reporting methods for reliable comparisons.

Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid disease are affected by the wide range of thyroid cancer subtypes and their varying degrees of aggressiveness. To better describe the indolent nature of thyroid neoplasms previously classified as noninvasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (NI-FVPTC), the Endocrine Pathology Society working group has recently coined the term "noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features" (NIFTP). The purpose of this nomenclature change is to avoid patients the distress of cancer diagnosis and to decrease the overtreatment of thyroid nodules with a RAS-LIKE molecular profile similar to follicular adenoma. Consequently, the reclassification has a significant impact on thyroid nodule clinical care as well as histopathologic and cytopathologic diagnosis. This paper will focus on a unique case of Bilateral NIFTP harboring concomitant HRAS and KRAS mutation; we will also review the background, molecular features, and clinical implications of NIFTP as well as the factors behind the nomenclature update. It also seemed helpful to emphasize the impact of NIFTP on clinical practice to avoid overtreating nodules that could be safely managed with lobectomy alone. Actually, despite the diagnosis is postsurgery, a comprehensive preoperative evaluation may raise a suspicion of NIFTP and suggest a more careful plan for treatment. Here, we present a unique case of bilateral NIFTP after total thyroidectomy; subsequent molecular analysis revealed that the patient's right nodule harbored an isolated p.(Q61K) HRAS mutation, while the left a p.(Q61K) KRAS mutation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of this nature. The existence of simultaneous mutations highlights the occurrence of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) also in the context of FVPTC, which requires comprehensive investigation. The available information shows that NIFTP, identified in accordance with stringent inclusion and exclusion criteria, exhibits a very latent clinical behavior even in the face of conservative lobectomy, lacking of radioactive iodine therapy. However, it cannot be regarded as a benign lesion because there is a small but significant incidence of adverse events, such as lymph nodes and distant metastases. Currently, NIFTP can only be suspected before surgery: several efforts could be explored to identify key molecular, cytological, and ultrasonographic traits that may be helpful in raising the possibility of NIFTP in the preoperative context. Additionally, our discovery of simultaneous mutations within the same lesion strengthens the evidence of ITH even in FVPTC. Although the extent and biological impact of this phenomenon in NIFTP are still debated, a deeper understanding is essential to ensure appropriate clinical management.

The role of adenosine deaminase acting on RNA1 (ADAR1) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is poorly understood. This study investigated the roles and underlying molecular mechanisms of ADAR1 and its isoforms, explored the correlations between ADAR1 expression and the immune microenvironment and anticancer drug sensitivity, and examined the potential synergy of using ADAR1 expression and clinical parameters to determine the prognosis of CRC patients. CRC samples showed significant upregulation of ADAR1, and high ADAR1 expression was correlated with poor prognosis. Silencing ADAR1 inhibited the proliferation, invasion, and migration of CRC cells and induced ferroptosis by suppressing FAK/AKT activation, and the results of rescue assays were consistent with these mechanisms. Both ADAR1-p110 and ADAR1-p150 were demonstrated to regulate the FAK/AKT pathway, with ADAR1-p110 playing a particularly substantial role. In evaluating the prognosis of CRC patients, combining ADAR1 expression with clinical parameters produced a substantial synergistic effect. The in vivo tumorigenesis of CRC was significantly inhibited by silencing ADAR1. Furthermore, ADAR1 expression was positively correlated with tumor mutational burden (TMB) and microsatellite status (p < 0.05), indicating that ADAR1 plays a complex role in CRC immunotherapy. In conclusion, ADAR1 plays oncogenic roles in CRC both in vitro and in vivo, potentially by inhibiting ferroptosis via downregulation of the FAK/AKT pathway. Thus, ADAR1 serves as a potential prognostic biomarker and a promising target for CRC therapy.

Common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) is a gluten-free underutilized pseudocereal with excellent therapeutic and nutraceutical potential. Sprouts and microgreens produced from this plant species can be consumed regularly owing to a rich nutritional profile that can be improved by regulating the abiotic factors during their growth. Therefore, this study explores the responses of common buckwheat sprouts and microgreens in terms of growth and phytochemicals accumulation under temperature (16, and 25 ºC) and photoperiodic (16/8 h and 20/4 h, light/dark intervals) variations. Some analyses were also performed at 4 and 8 ºC. The findings highlight the beneficial effects of mild stress induced by extended photoperiod and moderate temperature like enhanced yield and phytochemical content. Extending the photoperiodic duration from 16/8 h to 20/4 h significantly triggered the biosynthesis of pigments such as carotenoids and chlorophyll in 12-day-old microgreen leaves. Likewise, a moderate temperature i.e., 16 ºC was proved more effective in inducing the accumulation of secondary metabolites including phenolics and flavonoids. However, extreme cold conditions hindered the sprouting and growth rate underscoring common buckwheat sensitivity to low temperature. These findings are crucial for refining the production strategies, ensuring the nutritional values, and optimizing the potential of common buckwheat sprouts and microgreens as "superfoods".

Sex has a strong influence on the prevalence and course of brain conditions, including autism spectrum disorders. The mechanistic basis for these sex differences remains poorly understood, due in part to historical bias in biomedical research favoring analysis of male subjects, and the exclusion of female subjects. For example, studies of male mice carrying autism-associated mutations in neuroligin-3 are over-represented in the literature, including our own prior work showing diminished responses to chronic morphine exposure in male neuroligin-3 knockout mice. We therefore studied how constitutive and conditional genetic knockout of neuroligin-3 affects morphine sensitivity of female mice, using locomotor activity as a proxy for differences in opioid sensitivity that may be related to the pathophysiology and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. In contrast to male mice, female neuroligin-3 knockout mice showed normal psychomotor sensitization after chronic morphine exposure. However, in the absence of neuroligin-3 expression, both female and male mice show a similar change in the topography of locomotor stimulation produced by morphine. Conditional genetic deletion of neuroligin-3 from dopamine neurons increased the locomotor response of female mice to high doses of morphine, contrasting with the decrease in psychomotor sensitization caused by the same manipulation in male mice. Together, our data reveal that knockout of neuroligin-3 has both common and distinct effects on morphine sensitivity in female and male mice. These results also support the notion that female sex can confer resilience against the impact of autism-associated gene variants.