Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-04DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118208
Xiongzhang Liu , Jiangtao Li , Binglian An , Chao Geng , Yuzhou Yang , Yan Jia
Achieving efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption remains a critical challenge for high-temperature EMW absorbing materials. Herein, TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramic were fabricated by pressureless sintering at 1650 °C for 1 h. TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramic metamaterial was further designed by patterning a conductive structure layer on the TiB2/MgAl2O4 dielectric. The results show that the EMW absorption of TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramics first improves and then deteriorates with increasing TiB2 content. At 28 wt% TiB2 content, the TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramic avoids a rapid increase in high-temperature electrical conductivity and exhibits enhanced EMW absorption, with a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of –50.05 dB at 300 °C, and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL<–5 dB) of 4.07 GHz at 700 °C. The TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramic metamaterial achieves an EAB of 4.2 GHz from 25 to 700 °C, due to the synergistic effects of resonant, conductive, and polarization relaxation losses. These findings demonstrate a promising approach for developing high-temperature ceramic metamaterials.
{"title":"Design of TiB2/MgAl2O4 ceramic metamaterial with suitable high-temperature electrical conductivity for enhanced electromagnetic wave absorption across a wide temperature range","authors":"Xiongzhang Liu , Jiangtao Li , Binglian An , Chao Geng , Yuzhou Yang , Yan Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118208","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118208","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving efficient electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption remains a critical challenge for high-temperature EMW absorbing materials. Herein, TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ceramic were fabricated by pressureless sintering at 1650 °C for 1 h. TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ceramic metamaterial was further designed by patterning a conductive structure layer on the TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> dielectric. The results show that the EMW absorption of TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ceramics first improves and then deteriorates with increasing TiB<sub>2</sub> content. At 28 wt% TiB<sub>2</sub> content, the TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ceramic avoids a rapid increase in high-temperature electrical conductivity and exhibits enhanced EMW absorption, with a minimum reflection loss (RL<sub>min</sub>) of –50.05 dB at 300 °C, and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB, RL<–5 dB) of 4.07 GHz at 700 °C. The TiB<sub>2</sub>/MgAl<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> ceramic metamaterial achieves an EAB of 4.2 GHz from 25 to 700 °C, due to the synergistic effects of resonant, conductive, and polarization relaxation losses. These findings demonstrate a promising approach for developing high-temperature ceramic metamaterials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17408,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The European Ceramic Society","volume":"46 9","pages":"Article 118208"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118213
Farid Rabiei Motmaen, Christian Brandl, Tesfaye Molla
Computational approaches based on the viscous theory of sintering can be used to optimise the densification of ceramic components with complex architectures. Their application, however, is limited by the lack of reliable models for macroscopic properties that account for the evolving microstructure, particularly changes in particle size distributions (PSDs). This study analyses samples with distinct PSDs to quantify their influence on macroscopic properties, including the effective sintering stress and viscosities. Underlying microstructural mechanisms are captured using a coupled solid-state sintering and grain growth model within the Discrete Element Method. Model predictions show good agreement with experimental data. The results reveal limitations in existing phenomenological models, especially for systems with specialised PSDs, showing discrepancies up to 100 %. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that tailoring PSDs, for example, using bi-modal systems, can reduce sintering time by 50 %. The study establishes a foundation for predictive modelling of ceramic sintering, enabling efficient process optimisation.
{"title":"The role of particle size distributions on the macroscopic properties of sintering bodies","authors":"Farid Rabiei Motmaen, Christian Brandl, Tesfaye Molla","doi":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118213","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118213","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Computational approaches based on the viscous theory of sintering can be used to optimise the densification of ceramic components with complex architectures. Their application, however, is limited by the lack of reliable models for macroscopic properties that account for the evolving microstructure, particularly changes in particle size distributions (PSDs). This study analyses samples with distinct PSDs to quantify their influence on macroscopic properties, including the effective sintering stress and viscosities. Underlying microstructural mechanisms are captured using a coupled solid-state sintering and grain growth model within the Discrete Element Method. Model predictions show good agreement with experimental data. The results reveal limitations in existing phenomenological models, especially for systems with specialised PSDs, showing discrepancies up to 100 %. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate that tailoring PSDs, for example, using bi-modal systems, can reduce sintering time by 50 %. The study establishes a foundation for predictive modelling of ceramic sintering, enabling efficient process optimisation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17408,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The European Ceramic Society","volume":"46 9","pages":"Article 118213"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191689","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-12DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107673
Jun Yang, Yanhang Shi, Liu He, Wei Wang, Guomin Le, Xinjian Zhang
The elevated cost of spherical tantalum powder utilized in additive manufacturing significantly hinders the development and application of tantalum components. In this study, three sets of tantalum thin-wall samples were fabricated using laser melting deposition (LMD) with varying laser power settings, employing non-spherical tantalum powder as the raw material. The samples were analyzed for their scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology, phase composition, density, hardness, mechanical properties, and impurity content. The findings indicate that the tantalum components produced via LMD exhibit columnar grains oriented along the deposition direction, achieving a high density of up to 98.7%. The LMD-fabricated tantalum components demonstrate moderate mechanical properties and elongation rate. This study demonstrates that non-spherical tantalum powder can be effectively utilized to produce tantalum components with superior performance through LMD. This approach offers a novel and cost-effective method for the preparation of tantalum components, which holds significant potential for the widespread adoption and application of tantalum.
{"title":"Microstructure and properties of tantalum deposited by laser melting deposition using non-spherical tantalum powder","authors":"Jun Yang, Yanhang Shi, Liu He, Wei Wang, Guomin Le, Xinjian Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107673","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107673","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The elevated cost of spherical tantalum powder utilized in additive manufacturing significantly hinders the development and application of tantalum components. In this study, three sets of tantalum thin-wall samples were fabricated using laser melting deposition (LMD) with varying laser power settings, employing non-spherical tantalum powder as the raw material. The samples were analyzed for their scanning electron microscopy (SEM) morphology, phase composition, density, hardness, mechanical properties, and impurity content. The findings indicate that the tantalum components produced via LMD exhibit columnar grains oriented along the deposition direction, achieving a high density of up to 98.7%. The LMD-fabricated tantalum components demonstrate moderate mechanical properties and elongation rate. This study demonstrates that non-spherical tantalum powder can be effectively utilized to produce tantalum components with superior performance through LMD. This approach offers a novel and cost-effective method for the preparation of tantalum components, which holds significant potential for the widespread adoption and application of tantalum.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107673"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145956986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-22DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107695
José García , Andrei Chychko , Christian Gold
Cemented carbide production is heavily reliant on critical raw materials (CRMs) such as tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and ruthenium (Ru), which face increasing supply risks, cost volatility, and environmental challenges. This study presents a sustainable alternative through the design of WC-based cemented carbides reinforced with finely dispersed η-phase carbides. The η-phase morphology and distribution are tailored to substitute conventional γ-phase formers (Ti, Ta, Nb), allowing the replacement of Co binder metal, and minimizing reliance on scarce elements such as Ru. The resulting microstructures exhibit enhanced high-temperature strength, hot hardness, and fracture resistance. Cutting performance tests under severe thermomechanical loading conditions confirm that the new η-phase–reinforced grades offer equivalent or superior performance compared to conventional grades. A detailed Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) analysis demonstrates significantly lower environmental impact and material criticality, establishing η-phase strengthening as a robust strategy for developing next-generation, high-performance cemented carbides with improved sustainability.
硬质合金的生产严重依赖于关键原材料，如钨(W)、钴（Co）、钛（Ti）、钽（Ta）、铌（Nb）和钌（Ru），这些原材料面临着越来越大的供应风险、成本波动和环境挑战。本研究提出了一种可持续的替代方案，即设计以分散良好的η相碳化物为增强材料的wc基硬质合金。η相的形态和分布适合于传统的γ相形成物（Ti, Ta, Nb），允许替代Co结合金属，并最大限度地减少对稀有元素（如Ru）的依赖。由此产生的显微组织表现出增强的高温强度、热硬度和抗断裂性。在严格的热机械载荷条件下的切削性能测试证实，与传统牌号相比，新的η相增强牌号具有同等或更好的性能。一项详细的产品碳足迹（PCF）分析表明，该方法显著降低了对环境的影响和材料的临界性，确立了η相强化作为开发下一代高性能硬质合金的有力策略，并提高了可持续性。
{"title":"Design of novel sustainable cemented carbides strengthened by η-phase to replace critical raw materials","authors":"José García , Andrei Chychko , Christian Gold","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107695","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107695","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cemented carbide production is heavily reliant on critical raw materials (CRMs) such as tungsten (W), cobalt (Co), titanium (Ti), tantalum (Ta), niobium (Nb), and ruthenium (Ru), which face increasing supply risks, cost volatility, and environmental challenges. This study presents a sustainable alternative through the design of WC-based cemented carbides reinforced with finely dispersed η-phase carbides. The η-phase morphology and distribution are tailored to substitute conventional γ-phase formers (Ti, Ta, Nb), allowing the replacement of Co binder metal, and minimizing reliance on scarce elements such as Ru. The resulting microstructures exhibit enhanced high-temperature strength, hot hardness, and fracture resistance. Cutting performance tests under severe thermomechanical loading conditions confirm that the new η-phase–reinforced grades offer equivalent or superior performance compared to conventional grades. A detailed Product Carbon Footprint (PCF) analysis demonstrates significantly lower environmental impact and material criticality, establishing η-phase strengthening as a robust strategy for developing next-generation, high-performance cemented carbides with improved sustainability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107695"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146032955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107713
Chunyan Li , Jie Chen , Andrey Litnovsky , Christian Linsmeier , Shuotong Zong , Yucheng Wu , Xuejiao Wang , Junwei Qiao
Tungsten-based self-passivating metal alloys with reduced thermo-oxidation (SMART), which using Cr or Si as oxidation-resistant elements, have exhibited great potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature compared with pure W. In this work, aluminum (Al) was added to WCr SMART systems to further improve the oxidation resistance, and the novel W-17.8Cr-6.4Al alloys were successfully developed using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The influence of sintering pressure and temperature on the densification process was systematically investigated, and the oxidation behaviors were studied at 800 °C and 1000 °C. The sintering curves exhibit that there is the liquidation of Al above around 630 °C, and the rapid densification of W-Cr-Al alloys starts above 923–950 °C. The intermetallic compounds of (WCr)Al12 and (WCr)Al4 are generated when sintered at 650 °C and 700 °C, respectively. When sintered above 1000 °C, W-Cr-Al alloys mainly consist of two BCC phases of W-Cr-Al solution. Dense bulk W-Cr-Al alloys, with a density of around 11.6 g/cm3, could be manufactured by sintering above 1200 °C at 20 MPa for 15 min. At the end of oxidation, the oxides formed at 800 °C mainly consist of WO3, Cr2WO6 and Al2W3O12, while WO3 disappears at 1000 °C due to the volatilization of WO3 and the reaction with Cr2O3. In addition, no obvious variation trend of mass gain is observed when oxidized at 800 °C compared with pure W, while a double parabolic trend of mass gain is found during oxidization at 1000 °C. The parabolic oxidation parameter, , is around (7–8) × 10−5 mg2/(cm4min) and (4–5) × 10−4 mg2/(cm4min), respectively. Compared to the linear oxidation behavior of pure W, W-Cr-Al alloys exhibit its potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature.
{"title":"The development of W-Cr-Al alloys by spark plasma sintering and their oxidation behavior","authors":"Chunyan Li , Jie Chen , Andrey Litnovsky , Christian Linsmeier , Shuotong Zong , Yucheng Wu , Xuejiao Wang , Junwei Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107713","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107713","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tungsten-based self-passivating metal alloys with reduced thermo-oxidation (SMART), which using Cr or Si as oxidation-resistant elements, have exhibited great potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature compared with pure W. In this work, aluminum (Al) was added to W<img>Cr SMART systems to further improve the oxidation resistance, and the novel W-17.8Cr-6.4Al alloys were successfully developed using spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique. The influence of sintering pressure and temperature on the densification process was systematically investigated, and the oxidation behaviors were studied at 800 °C and 1000 °C. The sintering curves exhibit that there is the liquidation of Al above around 630 °C, and the rapid densification of W-Cr-Al alloys starts above 923–950 °C. The intermetallic compounds of (WCr)Al<sub>12</sub> and (WCr)Al<sub>4</sub> are generated when sintered at 650 °C and 700 °C, respectively. When sintered above 1000 °C, W-Cr-Al alloys mainly consist of two BCC phases of W-Cr-Al solution. Dense bulk W-Cr-Al alloys, with a density of around 11.6 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, could be manufactured by sintering above 1200 °C at 20 MPa for 15 min. At the end of oxidation, the oxides formed at 800 °C mainly consist of WO<sub>3</sub>, Cr<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub> and Al<sub>2</sub>W<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>, while WO<sub>3</sub> disappears at 1000 °C due to the volatilization of WO<sub>3</sub> and the reaction with Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. In addition, no obvious variation trend of mass gain is observed when oxidized at 800 °C compared with pure W, while a double parabolic trend of mass gain is found during oxidization at 1000 °C. The parabolic oxidation parameter, <span><math><msub><mi>k</mi><mi>p</mi></msub></math></span>, is around (7–8) × 10<sup>−5</sup> mg<sup>2</sup>/(cm<sup>4</sup><span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>min) and (4–5) × 10<sup>−4</sup> mg<sup>2</sup>/(cm<sup>4</sup><span><math><mo>∙</mo></math></span>min), respectively. Compared to the linear oxidation behavior of pure W, W-Cr-Al alloys exhibit its potential for oxidation resistance application at high temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107713"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107715
Zhicheng Deng , Song Zeng , Chang Jiang , Wenfu Chen , Youxing He , Yiyou Wu , Xuebing Yang , Jiuming Yu , Linwei Zhang
The effect of Y addition on the isothermal oxidation behavior of Nb14-xSi27Ti22.5Al33Hf3.5Yx (x = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 at.%) alloys is systematically investigated at 1300 °C in static air for 100 h. The 0.1Y alloy exhibits the best oxidation performance, with a mass gain lower than that of the 0Y alloy. The mass-gain sequence is 0.1Y < 0Y < 0.3Y < 0.5Y < 0.7Y. A wrinkled Al₂O₃ scale forms on the Y-free alloy, whereas a highly adherent, smooth, and protective Al₂O₃-based scale develops on the 0.1Y alloy. When the Y content reaches 0.3 at.% or above, excessive Y promotes the formation of an Al5Y3O12/Al₂O₃ duplex layer that severely deteriorates oxidation resistance. This study clarifies the dual role of Y in the alloy system and identifies an optimal addition level of approximately 0.1 at.%.
Y的加入对Nb14-xSi27Ti22.5Al33Hf3.5Yx （x = 0,0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7）等温氧化行为的影响。结果表明，0.1Y合金具有较好的氧化性能，质量增益低于0Y合金。质量增加序列是0.1 y & lt; 0 y & lt; 0.3 y & lt; 0.5 y & lt; 0.7 y。在不含y的合金上形成皱褶的Al₂O₃鳞片，而在0.1Y合金上形成高度粘附、光滑和保护性的Al₂O₃鳞片。当Y含量达到0.3 at时。%或更高，过多的Y会促进Al5Y3O12/Al₂O₃双相层的形成，严重降低抗氧化性。这项研究阐明了Y在合金体系中的双重作用，并确定了大约0.1 at.%的最佳添加水平。
{"title":"Effect of Y addition on the oxidation behavior and oxide scale structure of Nb14Si27Ti22.5Al33Hf3.5 alloy at 1300 °C","authors":"Zhicheng Deng , Song Zeng , Chang Jiang , Wenfu Chen , Youxing He , Yiyou Wu , Xuebing Yang , Jiuming Yu , Linwei Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107715","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107715","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The effect of Y addition on the isothermal oxidation behavior of Nb<sub><em>14-x</em></sub>Si<sub><em>27</em></sub>Ti<sub><em>22.5</em></sub>Al<sub><em>33</em></sub>Hf<sub><em>3.5</em></sub>Y<sub><em>x</em></sub> (<em>x</em> = 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 at.%) alloys is systematically investigated at 1300 °C in static air for 100 h. The 0.1Y alloy exhibits the best oxidation performance, with a mass gain lower than that of the 0Y alloy. The mass-gain sequence is 0.1Y < 0Y < 0.3Y < 0.5Y < 0.7Y. A wrinkled Al₂O₃ scale forms on the Y-free alloy, whereas a highly adherent, smooth, and protective Al₂O₃-based scale develops on the 0.1Y alloy. When the Y content reaches 0.3 at.% or above, excessive Y promotes the formation of an Al<sub>5</sub>Y<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub>/Al₂O₃ duplex layer that severely deteriorates oxidation resistance. This study clarifies the dual role of Y in the alloy system and identifies an optimal addition level of approximately 0.1 at.%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107715"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-30DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107711
Tao He , Feng-lin Zhang , Wei-jian Yang , Xin zhou , Xiao-yi Pan , Yu-mei Zhou
Dry grinding of hard and brittle materials has received increasing attention due to the environmental issues associated with using coolants and the need for machine tooling under dry conditions. However, during dry grinding, the high grinding temperature may induce thermal deformation of traditional metal bonds and accelerate the wear of diamond tools. In the present study, a refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) was introduced into Fe alloy to serve as the metal bond of diamond tool in order to improve the dry grinding performance. First, RHEA powders (composed of WMoTaNbV) were prepared by discharge plasma ball milling (DPBM) as well as planetary milling (PM) for comparison. The effect of ball milling time on the microstructure of RHEA powder was examined. Then, RHEA/Fe alloy was prepared by hot-press sintering, and the microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of sintered RHEA/Fe alloys with different contents of RHEA were investigated. Finally, a RHEA/Fe alloy bond diamond tool was prepared to evaluate the dry grinding performance on a silicon nitride ceramic. The results indicated that RHEA powder was successfully synthesized by DPBM milling for only 15 h, which was a much shorter duration compared to PM method. With increasing RHEA content in the range of 0-20 wt%, the relative density of RHEA/Fe alloys decreased, but the hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance increased. Good bonding was achieved between 20wt.%RHEA/Fe alloy and diamond grits in the synthesized diamond tool at the sintering temperature of 1050 °C. During dry grinding of silicon nitride ceramic, the diamond tool based on 20wt.%RHEA/Fe bond exhibited a lower grinding force, higher grinding ratio, and reduced wear in comparison with commercial Fe alloy bond diamond tool, showing excellent potential for the dry grinding of ceramics.
{"title":"Preparation of RHEA/Fe alloy bond diamond tools for dry grinding of silicon nitride","authors":"Tao He , Feng-lin Zhang , Wei-jian Yang , Xin zhou , Xiao-yi Pan , Yu-mei Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107711","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107711","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dry grinding of hard and brittle materials has received increasing attention due to the environmental issues associated with using coolants and the need for machine tooling under dry conditions. However, during dry grinding, the high grinding temperature may induce thermal deformation of traditional metal bonds and accelerate the wear of diamond tools. In the present study, a refractory high-entropy alloy (RHEA) was introduced into Fe alloy to serve as the metal bond of diamond tool in order to improve the dry grinding performance. First, RHEA powders (composed of WMoTaNbV) were prepared by discharge plasma ball milling (DPBM) as well as planetary milling (PM) for comparison. The effect of ball milling time on the microstructure of RHEA powder was examined. Then, RHEA/Fe alloy was prepared by hot-press sintering, and the microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of sintered RHEA/Fe alloys with different contents of RHEA were investigated. Finally, a RHEA/Fe alloy bond diamond tool was prepared to evaluate the dry grinding performance on a silicon nitride ceramic. The results indicated that RHEA powder was successfully synthesized by DPBM milling for only 15 h, which was a much shorter duration compared to PM method. With increasing RHEA content in the range of 0-20 wt%, the relative density of RHEA/Fe alloys decreased, but the hardness, compressive strength, and wear resistance increased. Good bonding was achieved between 20wt.%RHEA/Fe alloy and diamond grits in the synthesized diamond tool at the sintering temperature of 1050 °C. During dry grinding of silicon nitride ceramic, the diamond tool based on 20wt.%RHEA/Fe bond exhibited a lower grinding force, higher grinding ratio, and reduced wear in comparison with commercial Fe alloy bond diamond tool, showing excellent potential for the dry grinding of ceramics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107711"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146089225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107724
Jinrui Li , Chuanzhen Huang , Zhenyu Shi , Zhen Wang , Longhua Xu , Shuiquan Huang , Meina Qu , Zhengkai Xu , Dijia Zhang , Baosu Guo , Tianye Jin , Xiaodan Wang , Hanlian Liu , Dun Liu , Peng Yao
To overcome the challenge of accurately measuring transient high temperatures at the tool-chip interface, this study uses a self-developed N-type ZrB₂-based thermoelectric temperature-measuring tool. It aims to investigate the effects of ZrO₂ content and the integrity of the electrode interface on temperature measurement performance and mechanical properties. Samples with designated ZrO₂ contents (C202505, C202510, C202515) were prepared via vacuum hot-pressing and subsequently characterized through thermoelectric testing, interfacial mechanical analysis, microscopy, and wear experiments. The results show that the thermoelectric potential-temperature relationship for the C202515 sample exhibits significant anomalies. Experimental analysis confirms that the bonding performance at the joint interface is a critical factor governing temperature measurement stability. A mismatch in the CTE between the Positive and Negative electrode materials induces microdefects at the interface, which reduces the interfacial bonding strength. This degradation, in turn, increases the interfacial contact resistance and ultimately destabilizes the temperature measurement signal. This study is the first to establish correlations between temperature measurement performance, interfacial mechanics, and wear resistance. It identifies an optimal thermal expansion difference (ΔCTE ≤0.5 × 10−6/°C) and thereby provides crucial guidance for developing stable and reliable thermoelectric ceramic tools.
{"title":"Interface performance of ZrB₂-based temperature-measuring ceramic cutting tool material: From Interface bonding strength, friction and wear to temperature measurement capability","authors":"Jinrui Li , Chuanzhen Huang , Zhenyu Shi , Zhen Wang , Longhua Xu , Shuiquan Huang , Meina Qu , Zhengkai Xu , Dijia Zhang , Baosu Guo , Tianye Jin , Xiaodan Wang , Hanlian Liu , Dun Liu , Peng Yao","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107724","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107724","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To overcome the challenge of accurately measuring transient high temperatures at the tool-chip interface, this study uses a self-developed N-type ZrB₂-based thermoelectric temperature-measuring tool. It aims to investigate the effects of ZrO₂ content and the integrity of the electrode interface on temperature measurement performance and mechanical properties. Samples with designated ZrO₂ contents (C202505, C202510, C202515) were prepared via vacuum hot-pressing and subsequently characterized through thermoelectric testing, interfacial mechanical analysis, microscopy, and wear experiments. The results show that the thermoelectric potential-temperature relationship for the C202515 sample exhibits significant anomalies. Experimental analysis confirms that the bonding performance at the joint interface is a critical factor governing temperature measurement stability. A mismatch in the CTE between the Positive and Negative electrode materials induces microdefects at the interface, which reduces the interfacial bonding strength. This degradation, in turn, increases the interfacial contact resistance and ultimately destabilizes the temperature measurement signal. This study is the first to establish correlations between temperature measurement performance, interfacial mechanics, and wear resistance. It identifies an optimal thermal expansion difference (ΔCTE ≤0.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup>/°C) and thereby provides crucial guidance for developing stable and reliable thermoelectric ceramic tools.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107724"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146146744","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-01-29DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107707
Antonio Fernández-Ortiz, Victor Zamora, Fernando Guiberteau, Angel L. Ortiz
The fretting wear behaviour of a hard B12(C,Si,B)3–SiC composite fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) at only 1400 °C from B4C with 20 vol% Si aids was evaluated under 1-N and 5-N loads without lubrication against three ceramic materials of different hardness (diamond, Al2O3., and borosilicate glass). The results were compared with those of B4C monoliths SPS-ed at 1400 °C and 2000 °C. First, the B12(C,Si,B)3–SiC composite exhibited lower wear under the 1-N load than under the 5-N load, and its specific fretting rate (SFR) increased with decreasing hardness of the counterpart, which was attributed to greater damage of the latter causing rougher contacts with more abundant wear debris. Nevertheless, the composite demonstrated excellent fretting resistance, having undergone very mild two-body abrasion against diamond (SFR = 10−7–10−8 mm3/(N·m)) and very mild or mild three-body abrasion against Al2O3 (SFR = 10−7 mm3/(N·m)) and borosilicate glass (SFR = 10−6 mm3/(N·m)). Second, owing to its fully dense, fine-grained duplex microstructure and high hardness (28.7 ± 0.8 GPa), the B12(C,Si,B)3–SiC composite exhibited a significantly higher fretting resistance than the porous B4C monolith SPS-ed using the same cycle and slightly higher fretting resistance than the well-densified, super-hard (35.6 ± 0.8 GPa) B4C monolith SPS-ed at 2000 °C, with the added advantage of requiring a substantially lower SPS temperature.
{"title":"Unlubricated fretting wear of a hard B12(C,Si,B)3–SiC composite reactively sintered from B4C with Si aids","authors":"Antonio Fernández-Ortiz, Victor Zamora, Fernando Guiberteau, Angel L. Ortiz","doi":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107707","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2026.107707","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fretting wear behaviour of a hard B<sub>12</sub>(C,Si,B)<sub>3</sub>–SiC composite fabricated by reactive spark plasma sintering (SPS) at only 1400 °C from B<sub>4</sub>C with 20 vol% Si aids was evaluated under 1-N and 5-N loads without lubrication against three ceramic materials of different hardness (diamond, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>., and borosilicate glass). The results were compared with those of B<sub>4</sub>C monoliths SPS-ed at 1400 °C and 2000 °C. First, the B<sub>12</sub>(C,Si,B)<sub>3</sub>–SiC composite exhibited lower wear under the 1-N load than under the 5-N load, and its specific fretting rate (SFR) increased with decreasing hardness of the counterpart, which was attributed to greater damage of the latter causing rougher contacts with more abundant wear debris. Nevertheless, the composite demonstrated excellent fretting resistance, having undergone very mild two-body abrasion against diamond (SFR = 10<sup>−7</sup>–10<sup>−8</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/(N·m)) and very mild or mild three-body abrasion against Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (SFR = 10<sup>−7</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/(N·m)) and borosilicate glass (SFR = 10<sup>−6</sup> mm<sup>3</sup>/(N·m)). Second, owing to its fully dense, fine-grained duplex microstructure and high hardness (28.7 ± 0.8 GPa), the B<sub>12</sub>(C,Si,B)<sub>3</sub>–SiC composite exhibited a significantly higher fretting resistance than the porous B<sub>4</sub>C monolith SPS-ed using the same cycle and slightly higher fretting resistance than the well-densified, super-hard (35.6 ± 0.8 GPa) B<sub>4</sub>C monolith SPS-ed at 2000 °C, with the added advantage of requiring a substantially lower SPS temperature.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":14216,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Refractory Metals & Hard Materials","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 107707"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146072653","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-08-01Epub Date: 2026-02-05DOI: 10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118216
Kyu-Seop Kim , Van Quyet Nguyen , Sea-Hoon Lee
This study evaluates the ablation resistance of hafnium-based ceramic composites for hybrid rocket nozzles under high-pressure and oxidizing conditions. Hafnium carbide (HfC) and hafnium diboride (HfB₂) form stable refractory oxide layers, offering excellent resistance to thermal and chemical degradation. High-purity HfC–SiC and HfB₂–SiC composites with fine microstructures were fabricated and tested in a 250 N-scale hybrid thruster using high-test peroxide (HTP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Nozzle inserts were exposed to a chamber pressure on the order of 30 bar for 25 s without active cooling, and cumulative testing up to 102 s was performed for HfB₂–SiC. Both HfC–SiC and HfB₂–SiC showed near-zero erosion, while graphite nozzle exhibited severe throat enlargement. Chamber pressure and specific impulse remained stable with the ceramic inserts but dropped significantly with the graphite nozzle. These results demonstrate that Hf-based composites maintain structural integrity and combustion performance under harsh conditions, making them promising candidates for reusable hybrid rocket systems.
{"title":"Advanced hafnium-based ceramic composites: Exceptional Survivability with near-zero ablation for hybrid rocket applications","authors":"Kyu-Seop Kim , Van Quyet Nguyen , Sea-Hoon Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118216","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2026.118216","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study evaluates the ablation resistance of hafnium-based ceramic composites for hybrid rocket nozzles under high-pressure and oxidizing conditions. Hafnium carbide (HfC) and hafnium diboride (HfB₂) form stable refractory oxide layers, offering excellent resistance to thermal and chemical degradation. High-purity HfC–SiC and HfB₂–SiC composites with fine microstructures were fabricated and tested in a 250 N-scale hybrid thruster using high-test peroxide (HTP) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). Nozzle inserts were exposed to a chamber pressure on the order of 30 bar for 25 s without active cooling, and cumulative testing up to 102 s was performed for HfB₂–SiC. Both HfC–SiC and HfB₂–SiC showed near-zero erosion, while graphite nozzle exhibited severe throat enlargement. Chamber pressure and specific impulse remained stable with the ceramic inserts but dropped significantly with the graphite nozzle. These results demonstrate that Hf-based composites maintain structural integrity and combustion performance under harsh conditions, making them promising candidates for reusable hybrid rocket systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":17408,"journal":{"name":"Journal of The European Ceramic Society","volume":"46 9","pages":"Article 118216"},"PeriodicalIF":6.2,"publicationDate":"2026-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146191581","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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